Gyulai Éva - Viga Gyula (szerk.): Történet - muzeológia : Tanulmányok a múzeumi tudományok köréből a 60 éves Veres László tiszteletére (Miskolc, 2010)

GAZDASÁGTÖRTÉNET - Frisnyák Sándor: A vízenergia használata a Kárpát-medencében (11. század - 1920)

Utilisation of water energy in the Carpathian Basin (from the 11th century to 1920) The water energy of the Carpathian Basin was first utilised by mills for grinding cereals in the 11th century. More sophisticated power machines, such as the pumps used in mines, lumber mills, forge mills and other machinery of this type, first appeared in the 13th century and were perfected from the 15th 16th centuries. The industrial potential of water energy, estimated at 2.7 million hp at the turn of the 19th/20th century, was principally exploited in the Carpathians. In consequence of the population growth, the grain boom and the technological advances, the number of watermills increased rapidly (their number was over 17 thousand in the 1870s). Watermills included both mills for grinding cereals and mills used for industrial activities harnessing the energy of water. The water energy of the Carpathian Basin was first utilised by peasant craftsmen, later by workshops and manufactories, as well as factories proper. Hydroelectric plants exploited the power of water from 1878. The spread of steam and electricity powered machinery in the late 19th and early 20th century led to the decline of water powered installations. The utilisation of water energy in Hungary followed universal patterns, and reflected creativity in regional modes of exploitation. Sándor Frisnyák 367