Szabadfalvi József szerk.: Néprajzi tanulmányok a Zempléni-hegyvidékről (A miskolci Herman Ottó Múzeum néprajzi kiadványai 10. Miskolc, 1965)

Dobos Ilona: Néhány északkelet-magyarországi mondatípus;

exhume the dead, lie it on its face, and nail its head or another part of the body to the coffin. The vampire-belief was spread among the Polish, the Slovakians, the Carpathian Ukrainians and the Roumanians. The figure of nora, similar to the vampire, is known first of all in county Zemplén and the neighbouring Taktaköz and Abaúj. Nora also comes from the Slavic population as it is indicated by its name, too. Among the Polish it is held that the zmora-giüs circle above marshy lands or forests ruing the night and throttle prople on their way. The figure of nora has changed on our territories, got mixed with other belief-figures like the chicken-goblin bringing wealth. The drowning-boy (topiec), one of the water demons, originally also belonged to the Slavic legends. His figure is known on Polish Slovakian and Carpathian Ukrainian territories. He lives in marshes and rivers. He himself was drowned during an accident. After fulfilling his time of learning he also charms his pray into the swirl: boys bathing, or taking horses to the river. He usually wears a red cap. Belief legends about drowning people, the „toponec" are still heard among Carpathian Ukrainians and the Slovakians adopted to Hungarian ways. There are some legends about the changed child. In one of them a mother takes her changed child to a place of pilgrimage — most often to Mariapócs. When they are crossing a bridge a sound asks the child where he is carried to. The child, so far dumb, answeres. On hearing the name of the shrine the „bad" returns the real child. The turning point of the legend is indicated by a senseless dialogue with tortured German words. The legend circle of the changed child is especially widespread among the Germans, so one can suppose that Germans living in Hungary played part in the origin of the legend. All these prove, that despite the linguistic differences the mixing of oral traditions of people living in each other's neighbourhood is rather vivid. Ilona Dobos 269