Csengeri Piroska - Tóth Arnold (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 54. (Miskolc, 2015)
Régészet - Csengeri Piroska: Középső neolitikus telepnyomok Mezőzombor-Községi temető lelőhelyről
60 Cs engeri Piroska visibility of the decoration. Incisions occur on the entire inner surface from the rim (Fig. 19. 1b, 3b; Fig. 23. 1b, 2b) to the bottom (Fig. 12. 6b; Fig. 19. 5b; Fig. 23. 3b). These inner patterns are similar to the outer ones but never identical to each other in the case of a given vessel. The other category includes the undecorated fine ware found in Mezőzombor, with considerably less samples. Reconstructive forms of it only include the deep cup and the spouted vessel. The most common form of house ware which occurs in all Tiszadob features of the site is the vessel with pierced rim. A more frequent variant of it is the pot-like vessel with wide mouth whereas the pot-like vessel with inverted mouth is much scarcer. Bigger ones with thick walls might be storage vessels (Fig. 18. 1—2). Bowls are the second most common type of items, of which the only reconstructive form is that of the hemispherical bowl. Medium-sized, “amphorae” with cylindrical necks and big storage jars with finger-tipped bands around the neck can also be found at Mezőzombor. In addition, trays with low walls, finger-tipped rims and short knobs appear among the finds as well. The appearance of house ware types in a similar frequency as the ones found in Mezőzombor was observed by Katalin Kurucz among Middle Neolithic finds of Nyíri Mezőség region (KURUCZ 1989, 26-28). Important among the Tiszadob house ware are the incised pieces (Fig. 20. 1—2; Fig. 21. 1; Fig. 22. 5) with ALBK (Alföld Finearbandkeramik) or Tiszadob styles. Tiszadob decorations are usually incised with double lines (Fig 18. 3—4; Fig. 20. 1—3, 5—6; Fig. 21. 1—3). In some cases we can assume a meander-like pattern covering the entire surface, made from single or double lines (Fig. 21. 5; Fig. 22. 4—5). Angular and arched bundles of lines made up from 3—4 lines also appear (Fig. 20. 4; Fig. 21. 4). Painted decoration occurs on these types of Mezőzombor ceramics as well: black painting between the incised lines and/or on the incised lines with wide stripes (Fig. 20. 1—6; Fig. 21. 1). Apart from that, red ochre painting (Fig. 21. 1, 3) and body-covered red slip (Fig. 18. 4; Fig. 21. 2) can also be observed on the surface of decorated house ware. The usage of a combination of painted decoration with incised patterns on Tiszadob ceramics was also mentioned by Nándor Kalicz and János Makkay (KALICZ—MAKKAY 1977, 43). Based on the larger amount of painted finds in the Nyíri Mezőség region, Katalin Kurucz assumed that certain types of painted decorations were that of the Tiszadob group’s own (KURUCZ 1989, 35-37). After studying Middle Neolithic painted ceramics from Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, the author also stated and showed that regular painting and painting combined with incised decoration were both used in Tiszadob pottery, however in lower numbers (CSENGERI 2015, 138—139). A rim fragment of a “Mezőzombor type” face-decorated vessel (CSENGERI 2011a, 80) was also found in this material (Fig. 26. 6). Although the author uses the conventional, separate names for the Tisgadobgroup and Bükk culture in this article, these two concepts belong closely together. During the course of her PhD work the author examined most Middle Neolithic find materials of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County and came to the conclusion that the Tiszadob decoration style/pottery turned into the Bükk style/pottery over time (CSENGERI 2013, 13, 176; 2014a, 502). Because of this, when not referring to the decoration styles themselves, the use of the term Tisgadob-Bükk culture (CSENGERI 2013, 13) would be more appropriate, like how it was used by Hargita Oravecz in the publication of Middle Neolithic finds of the Kántorjánosi site (ORAVECZ 2012, 59). Succession of using of Tiszadob and Bükk styles by the Middle Neolithic community of Me^őgombor-Kögségi temető site is proven unambiguously by radiocarbon dating (Fig. 11; CSENGERI 2015,136, Fig. 6). While grave 49/2001 with Tiszadob style vessel can be dated between 5459 BC (68.2 %) 5316 BC, burial 21/A/2001 with Bükk style vessel can be put between 5213 BC (68.2 %) 5076 BC (Fig. 11; CSENGERI 2015,136, Fig. 6). Ceramic pieces that mark of relations existed between Mezőzombor community and other Middle Neolithic groups are quite few among the finds, with only making up 0.36 % of the entire material. A “non-Esztár type” fragment (CSENGERI 2013, 12; 2015, 138: note 70), meaning black-painted ceramics on pure clay base (Fig. 13, 2) probably hints at a connection with Middle Neolithic painted communities of the Upper Tisza Region, Eastern Slovakia, Carpathian Ukraine or Northwest Romania, more closely with the Raskovce group (for the last summaries of Middle Neolithic Painted Pottery see: JAKUCS 2010 and POTUSHNIAK 2011, 64—74). By contrast, some Esztár type pieces with red/purple slip (Fig. 19, 2; Fig. 26, 4) and ones with black-striped painting on red/purple slip (Fig. 14, 1—2) could suggest relations with communities of Esztár culture. We are most likely not dealing with local vessel fragments when it comes to the ones found in Mezőzombor. These vessels probably reached the settlement through economic or social relations from the aforementioned “foreign” communities. Since the settlement at Mezőzombor was situated at a supposedly important trade route that had been at the border of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) and the North Hungarian Mountains, it could have played a significant intermediary role within culture. The huge amount of Spondylus ornaments in Middle Neolithic graves of the site may also reflect this. Csengeri, Piroska
