A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 49. (2010)

Szörényi Gábor András: Késő középkori előretolt védművek a Sajó völgyében

PLACEK, Miroslav 2002 Externí fortifikace moravskych hradű. [Die externe Fortifikation der mährischen Burgen.] Archaeologia Historica, 27/02, 139-154. 2007 Ilustrovaná encyklopedie moravskych hradű, hrádkű a tvrzí. Praha PLACEK, Miroslav-BÓNA, Martin 2007 Encyklopedia slovenskych hradov. Bratislava SIMON Zoltán 1992 Ismeretlen erődítés a füzéri Őrhegyen. Műemlékvédelmi Szemle, 2, 25-31. SZÖRÉNYI Gábor András 2010 Sajó-völgyi huszita várak kutatása. A várak Árpád-kori periódusának elemzése. PhD disszertációs fejezet. Kézirat. TÓTH-SZABÓ Pál 1917 A cseh-huszita mozgalmak és uralom története Magyarországon. Budapest VARHANÍK, Jiíí 2002 Obrana strédovékého hradu palnymi zbranémi. [Die Verteidigung der mittelalterlichen Burg mit den Feuerwaffen.] Archaeologia Historica, 27/02, 125-138. ZEUNE, Joachim 1994 Die Burg als zeitgemäßes Statussymbol: drei Fallstudien aus Oberkärnten. In: HOFRICHTER, Hartmut (szerk.), Die Burg - ein kulturgeschichtliches Phänomen. Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung, Reihe B: Schriften 2, Marksburg/Braubach, 27-39. LATE MEDIEVAL CASTLE FORTIFICATIONS IN THE SAJÓ VALLEY The advances in castle architecture and the use of artillery brought the recognition among the defenders of castles that there were several previously unconsidered vulnerable points in the areas lying in front of the castle. Before the spread of firearms, the mountains and hills in the broader area of a castle were not potential sources of danger. From the 13 th century, however, there was a growing tendency to position defence lines farther away to ensure that the first clashes with enemy troops would take place farther from the castle. These defences were physically still connected to the inner ward and in effect fonned an outer ward (Vorburg). In addition to keeping the enemy at bay, their function was to control also the circuit within the dcfenceworks. In the Austrian and German lands, and especially in Lower and Upper Austria, there was a tendency to erect independent towers in front of the castle as early as the 12th-13th centuries. At first, these towers did not lie particularly far from the inner ward. Later, with the improvement of long-range artillery, the elevations lying at some distance were also fortified from the 14th century onward. These fortifications were motivated by two main considerations: (a) the defenders occupied the potentially dangerous areas in the forefront of the castle before the enemy forces could seize them to prevent the artillery bombardment of the castle's main area, (b) the erection of the outer defenceworks meant that the size of the territory controlled by the defenders increased, which in tum provided additional options for defence and also signalled the territorial power of the castle to farther-lying areas. Initially, foreworks in the fonn of towers were the norm in the regions where this defence type originated, although the construction of earth-and-timber foreworks can be assumed during 125