A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 40. (2001)

CSENGERI Piroska: Adatok a bükki kultúra kerámiaművességének ismeretéhez. A felsővadász-várdombi település leletanyaga

Incised decorations of fine ceramics have been analysed according to J. Lichardus's system (cf. LICHARDUS 1974). „Decorations of the rims" (PI. IV.), „the decorative triangles" („Schmuckdreiecke", Pl. V/a.), „the styles of the decoration" („Verzierungsstilen", Pl. VI.), the ornamentation of the neck of „amphorae" (PI. V/b.) and „additional decorations" have been discussed here. The potters of the Bükk Culture used white-, red- and yellow-coloured incrustation in the incisions of vessels at this settlement. On the basis of the elaboration and the forms of the ceramics, the fine incised decorations (densely placed bundle of lines), the motives of ornamentation, the large number of whiteincrustated pieces and the application of red- and yellow-coloured inlay uniformly dates the find material to the end of the classical and the late phase of the Bükk Culture - the end of Bükk B and Bükk C according to J. Lichardus 's inner chronology (LICHARDUS 1974, 84-93). According to the raw material of coarse ware 7 types of ceramics („A"—„G") have been distinguished („A" is the most often, e.g. PI. III., 2; „D" is a special, phyllite-tempered one, PI. XII., 10-11). „A" and „D" types have been analysed by pétrographie method by Gy. Szakmány (SZAKMÁNY 2001, in this volume). The most typical vessel forms of coarse ware are the „bomb-shaped pots" (vessels with a „pulled-in-mouth" and elongated ball-shaped body, PI. III., 2-3) and the pots with a broad mouth and elongated ball-shaped body (PI. III., 4). The bowls are often found, too, and among them there are hemispherical, spherical segment-shaped (PI. XIII., 1-3) and conical types (PI. XIII., 4). The „amphorae" with cylindrical neck and ball-shaped body can be found in coarse ware as well as in fine ceramics (PI. II., 4; PI. IX., 5-6; PI. XIII., 5-9). Storage jars have been occurred at this settlement, too, but only one type of it can be distinguished. This is a large-sized vessel with cylindrical neck, curved shoulder and elongated body (PI. XIII., 12a-b). The vessel types described above are common at the other sites of the Bükk Culture (LICHARDUS 1974, 24-29), in the pottery of the AVK (KALICZ-MAKKAY 1977; BANFF Y 1999, 142-145) and in the late groups of the AVK coexistent with the Bükk Culture, too (KALICZMAKKAY 1977). The finds of Felsővadász are conspicuously similar to the coarse ware of the Szakáihát Culture is (cf. e.g. the finds of Battonya-Gödrösök, GOLDMAN 1984). A special vessel (possibly a fermenting one) came to light „in situ" at the excavation in 1982. This is a pot-like vessel with a broad mouth, four ears and a hole at its bottom, perhaps from the Neolithic (PI. III., 1). There is a small rim around the hole in the inner part of the vessel and there are two ears on the inner surface. Its analogy has not been known so far from prehistoric find materials of the Carpathian basin. Among „the decorations" of coarse ware there are almost plastic ones. „The hanging-down knobs" are the most frequent type (PI. III., 2-3), but the rib decoration is very rare. There is a row of holes below the rim on the great number of sherds of the coarse ware (PI. III., 4). Pieces of crusted red painted ceramics (8 sherds, among them two fragments of underrated red ochre-container cups, PI. VIII., 8-9), red slipped ceramics (9 sherds) and different types of black painted ware (33 sherds, paint on the surface without patterns or oblique stripes or stripes below the rim or paint on the entire surface of the vessels, PI. IX., 1-4) are also presented in the material. Pieces with incised decoration that have been made according to the tradition of the pottery of the AVK are also found at Felsővadász (Pl. VIL, 5-6; Pl. VIII., 1-7). A fragment of the rim of a face pot with „sickle motif is of particular interest (PI. VII., 5). This type of face pots has been common in the AVK and in the late groups of it, except the Szakáihát Culture (KALICZ-MAKKAY 1972, 15). There are 4 pieces of vessels in the find material that have been decorated by the technique that is typical of the Szakáihát Culture (the clay has not been smoothed along the incised lines, PI. VII., 1-4). There probably is a wall-fragment of a Szakálhát-type face pot with a handle in the shape of a hand, with oblique grid-like patterns and meandering motives among these sherds (PI. VIL, 1). On the basis of these fragments of imported or imitated vessels the contacts of the inhabitants with the population of the Szakáihát Culture are provable. The contacts with the Zseliz Culture are also provable, based on a stone raw material, the greenschist. 104