A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 32. Kunt Ernő emlékére. (1994)

TANULMÁNYOK - TOLCSVAI NAGY Gábor: Történeti és etnikai kapcsolatok a magyar nyelv iráni, török és mongol jövevényszavainak tükrében (magyar és angol nyelven)

Such correspondences can be found in the following words: gyaláz 'abuse', gyapjú 'wool', gyárt 'manufacture', gyász 'mourning', gyáva 'coward', gyékény 'bulrush', gyenge 'weak', gyeplő 'rein', gyertya 'candle', gyertyán 'yoke-elm', gyomor 'stomach', gyopár 'cudweed', gyöngy 'pearl', gyúl 'gather', gyümölcs 'fruit', gyűszű 'thimbleV. During the 1000-1500 years before the Hungarian conquest about 250-300 words of Turkish origin became the part of the Hungarian lexicon. Most likely there were more of them, but a part of this stock became extinct after the establishment of the Hungarian kingdom. Which ethnic groups can be connected with the numerous, but considering time and place different words? It proves to be the most difficult question, although every work dealing with this theme agrees that the Hungarian tribes maintained the most intensive connections with the Turkish peoples in the second half of the first millenium A. D., especially between 600 and 800, because this period is one of the most obscure one in Hungarian prehistory, so the dating of the borrowings from different Turkish languages is consoderably uncertain (Fodor 1975: 164-5, Benkő 1984, Szűcs 1992.) Lajos Ligeti mentions that nothing special is known about Turkish and its dialects before 500 B. C; Ligeti 1986: 137). It seems to be quite certain that the Hungarian tribes established contacts with the Bulgarian-Turkish ethnic group that can properly be described by archeological data, e. g. by the evidence of the Saltovo culture (Fodor 1977: 108). The other provable connection is pointed out in the preiod when the Hungarian tribes were partly the subject, partly the ally (the institutional part) of the Khazar kingdom. The linguisitic influence this situation conveyed is documentated not only in the famous notes of Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, the Emperor of Byzantium but the social structure, most of the names of status and of the tribes of the Hungarian people around 1000. A. D. Finally the most evident case of bilinguism, linguistic interference was the adherence of the three Kabar tribes to the Hungarian ones. Without discussing the questions raised we can only mention - according to the recent researches - that both the Bulgarian-Turkish, both the Southern Khazar language was of Chuvash type. In this respect Lajos Ligeti corrects the theory of Zoltán Gombocz (Gombocz 1912). It has to be remarked too that the Turkish linguistic influence was continuing almost to the end of the 14th century A. D. with the settlement of Cumanian, Pecheneg tribes. The cultural históriai presentations of Iranian and Turkish loan-words all emphasize that the influence of the two languages covered most domains of life in the mentioned historical periods. From this point of view Iranian loan-words can be classified as in the following. Fishing, hunting: méh 'bee', méz 'honey', agyar 'task', szarv 'horn'. Animal breeding: ostor 'whip', tej 'milk', tehén 'cow'. Handicraft: ár 'awl, punch', ék 'wedge'. Society: árva 'orphan', ma-gyar 'man, the whole word: Hungarian', szer 'clan'. Intellectual life: hét 'seven', tíz 'ten', száz 'hundred', ezer 'thousand'. Others: eszik 'eat', (vér)er '(blood)wessel', (\íz)ér 'brooklet', (wíz)ár 'flood', aszik 'parch'. Turkish loan-words can be classified more fully (not mentioning all of them). Horse breeding: ló 'horse', gyeplő 'rein', nyereg 'saddle'. 135