A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 30-31/1. (1993)

FARAGÓ Tamás: Városi halandóság Magyarországon a 18–20. században

Wrigley, E. А. 1973. (1969.) Népesedés és történelem. Budapest: Kossuth. 238 p. Zawadowski Alfréd 1891. Magyarország vizeinek statisztikája I-II. Budapest: Athenaeum. (Hivatalos Statisztikai Közlemények, 16-17.) URBAN MORTALITY IN HUNGARY DURING THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES The mortality patterns of the Hungárián cities are under the influence of different factors. The majority of them are on halfway hetween the West European cities and the Hungárián villages according to their size, architectural structure, housing conditi­ons and population density and this Situation has a strong impact also on the demograp­hic indices and behavior. The general urban mortality levél is much worse than the rural one during the preindustrial times through to the twentieth Century however it is not high enough to counterbalance the fertility. It comes f rom the above that there is no basis for the emergence of the „urban graveyard" model in early modern Hungary. More­over there is not possible to analyze the urban mortality with one simple model. In the course of the investigation the author describes three city types and three mortality models. The „old city" model did not foľlow the tradiţional European „urban grave­yard" pattern. The mortality levél of these cities never became high enough to smash the natural increase before the starting of the demographic transition period. The „peasant cities" were in different Situation - at the beginning they followed the tradiţi­onal rural mortality patterns, later they turnéd directly to the modern urban one step­ping over the stage of the tradiţional urban mortality. Budapest is the only one which seems to reproduce the trend of the tradiţional European urban mortality development and remind us on the „urban graveyard" model. But the history of the Budapest mortality is still not worked out completely. It would be necessary to make a detailed analysis about the early mortality decline of the capital and it could be also worthwhile to compare the mortality patterns of the permanent residents and the temporary mig­rants i. e. to test the Sharlin hypothesis as well as to investigate the question of the sex balance and its influence on marriage and fertility (the van der Woude hypothesis) in the cities of preindustrial Hungary. Tamás Faragó 203

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