A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 19. (1980)

DOBROSSY István–FÜGEDI Márta: A kenderfeldolgozás törő és rostpuhító eljárásainak munkaeszközei és terminológiái Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megyében

268 DOBROSSY ISTVÁN—FÜGEDI MÁRTA Paládi-Kovács A., 1973. Ukrán szórványok a 18—19. században a mai Magyarország északkeleti részében. Népi Kultúra — Népi Társadalom, VII. 327—369. Stuhán V., 1964. A kender termesztése és feldolgozása Teresztenye környékén. DENIA ltsz. 798. Szinnyei J., 1893—1896. Magyar tájszótár, I. Budapest. Szolnoky L., 1950. Minőségi csoportok és mennyiségi egységek és a fonalrendezés számolási rendje a kenderfeldolgozásban. Ethnographia, LXI. 29—59. Szolnoky L., 1965. A tiló. Néprajzi Értesítő, XXXXVII. 5—67. Szolnoky L., 1972. Alakuló munkaeszközök. A magyar népi kenderrost-megmunkálás. Budapest. Vargha L., 1954. Jelentés az Országos Műemléki Felügyelőségnek a Szin községbeli kendertörő malmok felmérésével kapcsolatban. (Kézirat a szerző tulajdonában) Veres L., 1975. Miskolci vízimalmok a XIV—XIX. században. HOM. Közi. 14—20. TOOLS AND TERMINOLOGIES OF BREAKING AND HARL SOFTENING METHODS IN HEMP PROCESSING IN COUNTY BORSOD-ABAÚJZEMPLÉN (Abstract) The authors studied hemp processing, linen production, the changes in national costume of peasantry in about 200 settlements of county Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. They publish their material in the editions and series of the Museum. In this article they present the different phrases of preparing harl material to qualification, the breaking (törés), the dressing (tiloläs), and the different tools of harl softening /breaking mills (törőmalom), falling mills (kalló), beetles (kölyü), the hemp rubbers (kenderdörzsölő)I. The authors point out that two kinds of tools and their varieties used for the first breaking of the hemp can be found in the county. The breaking mill of beetle type (kölyü típusú kendertörő) (fig. 11) can be found on a relatively narrow area. It is known in villages regarded by people as well as by the ethnographic literature inhabited by Eastern Palots ("barkó"). The other tool for breaking hemp is the breaking mill of dresser type (tiló típusú kender törő). Both the board and the pierced dressers are used. The latter one is characteristic on the well definable territories of Taktaköz and Bodrogköz (map 3). Tools with cutting or breaking edges are also to be found among the breaking mills of dresser type. Its name (tiló or terlicd) hints at its relations to nationalities. It is characteristic of villages in the Zemplén Mountains and it is in connection with the German and Slovakian settlements in the 18th c. (map 3). Tools of the second breaking of the hemp are also the board type dressers. The authors paid special attention to registering the names of the tools and the terminologies of phases of production carried out on them, just like on putting these data on maps (maps 9-10). After breaking the harl follows the softening. Plentiful of terminologies, tools and edifices are representing this phase in county Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. Breaking mills are to be found in counties Nógrád, Heves and Szolnok as well. In our area about fifty mills were functioning, some of them founded as early as the 15th-16th cc. There are two types of breaking mills. One (the majority) worked with water energy, where falling wooden clubs (fabunkó), "bakó" and arrows (nyíl) broke the harl (fig. 12-13). The other type was motordriven. In this case an iron roll (vashenger) running round on a table softened the harl (fig. 17-18). The distribution of the types and their names are also registered on maps (fig. 14-15),