Veres László: Magyar népi üvegek (Borsodi Kismonográfiák 28. Miskolc, 1989)

between the 17th and 19th centuries produced mainly such glasses. The formation of special Hungarian glass-making mirrors the characteristic features of Hungarian industrial development. Developed glass-making existed in the country until the 16th century. The first glass-works were founded in the vicinity of the most important gold and silver mines of Europe and they produced glasses necessary for storing aqua regia indispensable for separating gold from silver. But making glasses for use and ornamentation for the aristocracy was also important. But glass-making influenced by Venice was nearly totally destroyed by the end of the 16th century because of Turkish devastation. When in the history of European glass-work the change of epoch between the Venetian and Czech glass-work took place the first experiments for the revival of Hungarian glass-making were made. The revival of Hungarian glassmaking had natural economic causes. The large estates of tried to establish industries suitable for utilization of woods. One possibility was glass-making demanding much wood. Glass-works founded in the centres of the big estates in the 17 th and 19th centuries covered with a dense network the mountainous regions of Hungary. There were 32 glass-works founded in the 18th century and 56 in the 19th century in the country. The first glass-works were founded in Transylvania on the estates of the Prince. It was Gabor Bethlen who invited in Italian glassware makers from Murano near Venice in 1619 who began their work in the glass-work of Porumbak. The ten-year activity of the Italian masters was enough for the Hungarian and Roumanian serfs of Transylvania to learn the basic knowledge of glass-making and to form the necessary labour force under the direction of Polish, German and Czech-Moravian masters in the glass-works founded later. Glass-works producing folk glasses in Transylvania were concentrated on three territories confinable well geographically. Along the river of Olt, in Székely land and along the borders of historical Transylvania. In the 17th and 19th centuries from 5 to 7 later from 10 to 12 glass-works made the variously shaped and functioning products at the same time. It expresses the great variety of forms that at the end of the 17th century, more than 30 types were produced. The tradition of Venetian glass-making had the strongest influence in Transylvania on the territory of Hungary. The beauty of glasses formed elegantly through Venetian influence was only incre151