Szuhay Péter: A Szendrő környéki falvak paraszti gazdálkodása a kapitalizmus időszakában (Borsodi Kismonográfiák 14. Miskolc, 1982)
The inhabitants of places far from the industrial regions settle down in these villages or they can get flats on the miner colonies. In this way they really become coal-miners. In this period we can see the difference in development between the coal-miner regions and the villages east of the Bódva. At the same time when in the previous territory the number of peasants leading double lives increases, in the latter region peasant villages become general with a non-increasing population. In these villages there is an opportunity for industrial work only after the liberation in 1945 and especially beginning from the 1960-s. In this essay I tried to give a description on the peasant economy in the villages of such a type, with its cultivating the soil and with its using up the products. There remains a question to be answered and it is the setting of farming of this type in the system of the Hungarian agriculture. Can we consider this farming capable of living or competitive at all? To what extent was it connected with the national market, in what way did it effect the production of goods? In the period of the Austro —Hungarian Monarchy, in this important period of Hungarian capitalism, from 1879 the agricultural production of the country or more precisely the sale was protected by protective tariffs. In the division of labour of this large territory Hungary participated with her corngrowing, stock farming and agricultural industry. Protective tariffs saved the Hungarian wheat from the American and Russian wheat, much more cheaper. The more industrialized part of the Monarchy was supplied with products of agriculture by the estates becoming capitalistic ones. The medium-sized estates rivaling with them became ruined soon, as they weren't able to make their production profitable. In this way peasants remained the producers of goods beside the large estates. Comparing large estates to the peasants' farms demands showing the fact that in these two types of estates capitalism appears in different ways. Every moment of the life of a large estate is determined by the capital. Price fluctuation has an effect on production and labour-power has a value just like as everything has that takes part in the production. In peasant farming, comparing to it, there is only one thing, the most important one that has got no value, and this is work and labour-power. Think of only the fact that the peasant exploits himself. A farm where only labour-power and scarcely any money are invested cannot involve a great loss. In the peasants' farming investment of labour is on a high level. Some economists calculated that farming involves a loss after all, because of the value of this investment. The price of the pro151
