Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 43 (1998)( Pécs, 1999)

Régészet - Schléder, Zsolt–T. Biró, Katalin. Petroarchaeological studies on polished stone artifacts from Baranya county, Hungary

76 A JANUS PANNONIUS MÚZEUM ÉVKÖNYVE 4142 (1996-97) Figure 1. Geographical distribution of the archaeological sites of the samples studied The most significant site, apart from Zengóvárkony, is Pécs-Makártetó (+ Keleti telep). This site can be considered, for our study as one, partly because some inventory data are shared (same number for pieces coming from Makártetó and Keleti telep, respectively). Also, in the original publications on the site (JUHÁSZ 1896/1,1896/2) mentioned Makártetó and Szenterzsébet together. BÁNDI et al. (1979) identified the latter locality as "Pécs-Erzsébet telep = Keleti telep". István ECSEDY (p. c), however, draw our attention to the fact that items from the old city collection can be uncertain as regards locality and the find complex Makáralja - Makártetó Keleti telep comprise a large area extending over several square kilometers. Traces of habitation from various periods are known from here, starting from the Transdanubian Linear Pottery Culture, comprising Lengyel, Pécel, Somogyvár-Vinkovci and later periods of Bronze Age and Iron Age. It is worth mentioning, that the first communication of László JUHÁSZ (1896/1) who collected the stone axes as well was dedicated to industrial activity followed on the site, i.e., early bronze-casting with moulds and crucible for casting. Though no monographical treatment is known to us about this very important site, our impression is that most of the polished stone implements should be associated with the Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age period of the settlement. A very characteristic slipper-form hoe, made almost exlusively of tephrite (see later: typical example are sample 3, 13: Photo Plate 113,1/4) seems to be even a period marker. Hoes made of antler are mentioned by Bandi as well (BÁNDI 1979 p. 64) as typical element of the material culture of the Early Bronze Age cultures in Baranya county. A brief survey of the related material convinced us that Pécs-Makártetó was an equally important workshop site for polished stone implements as hypothesed for Zengóvárkony. The present study cannot aspire on clearing find circumstances of collections from the last century, especially on a multi-period site but the significance of the settlement in axe production seems clear. The third important site, yielding 3 pieces for our analyses, is (Királyegyháza)-Gusztávművepuszta. This site can be identified more or less certainly with the classical site of the Baden (Pécel) culture, also mentioned by J. BANNER (1956). The detailed description of the pieces analysed, together with inventory data are listed below (Table 2). As not all the inventory numbers are individual, samples were given a laboratory registration number at the beginning of our study. Before and after sampling, documentation photos were made on the samples analysed in the Video Studio of the Hungarian National Museum by G. TELCS. Photo plates III-6, III 1-6, III 1

1-6 show the samples analysed below. Sample preparation, sampling Sampling Sampling had to be carried out carefully and with minimal loss to the artifacts. Thus a 1-1.5 cm large, 1-3 mm thick piece was cut off from each piece. Cut was done using a diamond-cogged disk in the petrological laboratory of the Eötvös Loránd University, Dept. of Petrology and Geochemistry. Samples were always detached from a broken surface. Thin sections made of a part of the cut pieces were used for petrographical studies and EMA, while powder of the remaining pieces was used for NAA. Samples for EMA and NAA were selected after petrographical description. Possibilities of the geochemical and mineral chemical investigations were limited by the following facts: surface of samples was weathered due to long burial (1), the amount of material available for our studies was limited (2), references data are needed to compare our results with (3).