Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 35 (1990) (Pécs, 1991)
Néprajztudomány - Zentai Tünde: A lakóház alaprajzi fejlődése a Dél-Dunántúlon
188 ZENTAI TÜNDE The evolution of the plan of dwelling-houses in south-western Hungary Tünde ZENTAI To sum up, as regards the dwelling house in the South-West of Hungary (South-Transdanubia) the following can be said about the evolution of its plan. The dwelling-houses of the 11th —13th century (the age of the Árpáds) consisted mostly of one room, were lowered into ground and their shape was approximately quadratic. However, archeological research and written evidences of this period also indicate the use of overground constructions. The scarce archeological evidences found in this' region, dating back into the 14th —16th centuries tell us about the expansion of the dwelling houses into 2 to 3 rooms. About the existence of a smokeless room with a stove and, as a result, of a black kitchen linked to it, tell a considerable number of stove tiles found in all parts of the region. The house of Ete, Tolna county, from the 16th century, also provides information on the destination of rooms and on the system of entrances. It reflects the Transdanubian way of evolution with the dwelling room opening into the court and the division of home into „black house" and larder. The housing culture of the 18th century is obviously characterized by the 3-room dwelling house (living-room, kitchen and larder) with peasant families /as well, but in the southwestern regions where timber is ubiquitous, there exists the single-cell black-house among the poor, sometimes with a larder. During the 19th century, the houses of the middle peasantry are completed with another living-room. The layout of the entrances in the southern and western regions, up to the second half of the last century, remains conventional, that is, all the rooms open into the court. In the middle of the 18th century, even by the side of the river Danube, there are evidences of houses with such separated rooms. Toward the end of the 18th century however, in the eastern parts of the region the central entrance along with the use of open chimney starts spreading. The peasant houses of South-Transdanubia, apart from a scarce number of exceptions, have a one-row layout. Among them there are semi-detached or long houses or L-shaped houses completed with a side wing. In the middle of the last century there were some experiments toward the double-row array as well, but this process has not reached accomplishment. Porch has a long tradition in Hungary, yet, not until the beginning of the 20th century it becomes general, spreading from the west to the east. The roots of formation of wooden porches characteristic of the South-West go back to the late middle-ages. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that the frontand side porches of the 19th century are well established and do not develop any more. Their style is more or less homogeneous over the whole area where wooden houses are built. Walled porches appear in the 1840s in a considerable amount with a variety of forms. In the eastern plains and in German villages there occurs a delay of about half a century in this aspect. In the regions where plastered porches first occurred, regional differences can hardly be shown, the main types intermingle with one another and local features occur rather in the variety of forms of the separate builders' centres.
