Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 27 (1982) (Pécs, 1983)

Régészet - Ecsedy István: Ásatások Zók-Várhegyen (1977–1982)

88 ECSEDY ISTVÁN Culture which come from a settlement consisting of pits and huts scattered over a fairly large territory without a settlement layer or house-floors, can also be separated. In this period the fortification ditch south of the Vucedol-Zók settlement was beginning to fill up (Pi. V.). Hence the VucedolZók period at the site of Zók is bordered, in order of chronology, by the Early Baden and the Somogyvár- Vinkovci cultures. Since the analysis and evaluation of the considerable amount of finds have not come to an end, we are not in a position to give precise characteristics of the stratigraphically attestable finds according to the phases within the Vucedol-Zók period. The aim of this study is to present the finds of metallurgy at Zók-Várhegy from the Late Vucedol period. Most of the finds have been found in pit No. 36, uncovered in 1977. The stratigraphie position of the pit 1977/36 is quite clear. Starting from the partly disturbed upper level it cuts through the earlier settlement layer not already disturbed by viniculture, more precisely an earlier house-floor, and the layers of the periods Baden and Lasin ja-Balaton I. According to its north-southern section the phases of its filling up by debris can be well distinguished (Fig. 28.). Besides a few animal bones several plastering-fragments and sherds of vessels (Figs 2937.) the remains of moulds and crucibles have been found both at the bottom and the top of the deposit. Knowing the stratigraphie position of the pit, it is not surprising that fragments belonging to the objects found in it have also turned up in the disturbed layers; furthermore, fragments of a crucible were found in another pit uncovered nearby. Description of the metallurgical finds (Items 1-14 were found in the pit 1977/36 except some fragments belonging to the crucible number 2. All of the items are made of clay clay mixed with quartz-sand except no. 22.). 1. Fragment from a crucible. The bottom must have been rounded, the outer surface is greysh-brown, undecorated. Incisions of a net-like pattern carved into the inside surface. Length of the fragment: 10 cm Thickness: 1,3 cm (bottom) 0,9 cm (rim) Fig. 38. 2. Crucible with rounded bottom and slightly spouted rim. Outer surface undecorated, reddish — brown. Inside incisions of net-like pattern. The fragments belonging to this crucible have come to light from the pit 1977/36, from the pit XII/7 and from the disturbed upper layer of the same block XII, next to the area of the pit 1977/36. Diam. : 16,6 cm Height: 6,5 cm Thickness: 0,8 cm (rim) Fig. 39. 3. Crucible, broken, one half only, restored. Bottom is rounded, rim slightly spouted, otherwise incurved. Outer surface undecorated, reddish-brown, inside netted with incisions. The rim is heavily burnt. In the fragment there was found a white, chalk-like material (analysis: Table II.) covering its inside in a 0,5-0,7 cm thick layer. Traces of copper can be seen on the inner surface. Diam.: 17,2 cm Height: 5 cm Thickness: 1,5 cm (rim) Fig. 40., Pl. X/3. 4. Block-shaped mould for a flat axe, broken, one half only. It is probable that this fragment belonged to a bivalve mould since it is flattened around the matrix. In the matrix traces of copper can be seen. Reddish-brown. Length: 6,8 cm Width: 5,9 cm (width of the matrix: 4,6 cm-middle part) Thickness: 4,5 cm Pl. XI/3. 5. Block-shaped mould for a flat axe, broken, restored from fragments. The rim of the matrix is narrow, it may have been an open, one-piece mould. Reddish-brown with black patches. Lenght: 13,4 cm (matrix' lenght: 11,9 cm) Widht: 6,6 cm (lenght of the cutting edge : 4,7 cm) Thickness: 4,3 cm Pi. XI/1. 6. Fragment of a „block-mould" with matrices for two chisels - one of them may well have been for a flat axe. It can be regarded as one part of a two-piece mould in both cases. Broken, less than a half preserved. Brown with black patches. Matrices: butt (?) of a flat axe or chisel and lower part of another one with square section (with remains of copper and lime inside). Width: 7,8 cm (butt [?] of the flat axe: 4,7 cm; chisel: 2 cm) Thickness : 4,7 cm Pis. X/5, XI/4. 7. Fragment of a „block-mould" with matrices for a flat axe and a chisel. Broken, less than a half only, grey-reddish brown with black patches. It had cracked, possibly in the course of the casting because of too rapid overheating. Matrices: lower part of a slightly flaring flat axe and upper part of a chisel with two short projecting lugs below the tang (with remains of copper-oxide inside). Width: 7,8 cm (cutting edge of the flat axe : 5,5 cm) Thickness: 4,7 cm (width of theshoulder of the chisel: 2,7 cm) (There is a slight probability that the fragments no. 7 and no. 6 belonged to the same block-mould. See: Pi. X/4-5, Pis. X/4, XII/3.) 8. Mould for a shaft-hole axe. One part of a bivalve mould with a casting hole near to the cutting edge and imprint for the shaft-core above which a dome-shaped hollow can be seen (it served for the fitting of a special „head" of the shaft-core). On the inside of the matrix, slight incisions in a net-like pattern. The butt is convex. Blackish grey. Length: 15,9 cm (matrix: 13,6 cm) Width: 9,6 cm (cutting edge: 7,2 cm) Thickness: 4 cm (diam. of the shaft: 3,1 cm) Pis. X/2, XIII/1, XIV/1. 9. Mould for a shaft-hole axe, with casting hole near the cutting edge and imprint for the shaft-core. The inside of the matrix is covered with lime