Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 26 (1981) (Pécs, 1982)

Régészet - Ecsedy István: A kelet-magyarországi rézkor fejlődésének fontosabb tényezői

A KELET-MAGYARORSZÁGI RÉZKOR 89 Tasié (1967) = Todorova (1978) = Torma (1973) = Tudor (1980) = N. Tasié: Badenski i vucedolski kulturni kompleks u Jugoslaviji (Der Badener und Vucedoler Kulturkomplex in Jugoslavien). Dissertationes 4. (Beograd 1967) H. Todorova: The Eneolithic period in Bulgaria in the 5. mill. В. С. Bar Supplementary Ser. 49 (1978) I. Torma: Die Boleráz-Gruppe in Ungarn. Symp. Badener Kultur pp. 483-512. E. Tudor: Quelques aspects ethno-culturels de la période ancienne de Гаде du bronze dans l'espace carpato-danubien. In : Actes du Ile Congrès International de Thracologie (Bukarest, 4-10 septembre 1976) Vol. 1. Ed. by R. Vulpe (Bukarest 1980) pp. 69-72. Vulpe (1957) Vulpe (1976) Weisshaar (1979) Zbenovich (1966) Zbenovich (1973) = R. Vulpe : Izvoare. Sapaturile din 1936-1948. Bucuresti 1957. = A. Vulpe: Zu den Anfängen der Kupfer- und Bronzmetallurgie in Rumänien. UISPP IXe Congrès - Nice 1976. Colloque XXIII. (Les debuts de la métallurgie) pp. 134-158. = H. J. Weisshaar: Ausgrabungen auf der Pevkakia - Magula und der Beginn der frühen Bronzezeit in Griechenland. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 9 (1979) pp. 385-392. = В. Г. Зденович: Про кинджали усативського Типу. Археоло20(1966) pp. 38=46. = V. G. Zbenovich : Chronology and Cultural Relations of the Usatovo Group in the USSR. Symp. Badener Kultur pp. 513-524. On the factors of the Copper Age development in Eastern Hungary ISTVÁN ECSEDY The present paper is concerned with the possible interpretations or rather with the aspects of interpretation relating to the changes in the material culture during the Copper Age in Eastern Hungary. It will seek to provide an approach which is adequate enough to study the Copper Age history in a framework consisting of the main cultural changes of the bordering areas as Transsylvania, Oltenia, the Lower Danube and the Pontus-area and adequate enough to put the proper questions concerning the circumstances and events which resulted in the cultural changes. The frequent infiltrations of the steppic groups across South-Moldavia and Oltenia can be regarded as the most important events influencing the history of the Copper Age and the later periods as well. The impact of this factor has been reflected by strikingly distinctive features of development on these areas since the Middle Copper Age. The effects of the steppic component are hardly to be found in the earliest period of the Copper Age, when the Tisza Culture ceased to exist and the Tiszapolgár Culture emerged. Although the abrupt shift in the economy and architecture after the Tisza Culture might justify an invasion-hypothesis, the Tiszapolgár typology clearly indicates that the change must have been more a structural than an ethnical one. The agricultural communities of the Late Neolithic „tells" were compelled to give up their settlement - and production-system not by some group of newcomers but by some - possibly pastoral - groups of local (Carpathian Basin) origin.

1-12 One of the most important features of the Tiszapolgár - period is the appearence of an intensive, far reaching connection-system. If we examine the earlier contacts between the Tisza and Lengyel cultures, the numerous related features in the material of the Late Lengyel and Tiszapolgár cultures are not surprising. On the other hand, the Tiszapolgár population kept direct connections of the same degree with the neighbours from South and South-East, namely with the Salcuta, Erősd (Ariusd), Petreçti and Cucuteni Cultures. These connections have been established judging from the strikingly similar products of metallurgy and the analogous features of ceramics indicating the synchronous rhytm of development of these cultures. It can be established that the integration of the cultures with similar development in the SouthEast of Middle-Europe started in the Copper Age and the populations involved were going to face the pressure of the nomadic groups coming from the steppe-area.

13 The typology and relative chronology of the Tiszaug Group represent problems of importance for surveying the cultural integration under consideration. Ida Bognár Kutzián established the typological