Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (1965) (Pécs, 1966)
Régészet - Zoffmann, Zs.: Data to the Burial Rites of the Lengyel Culture
56 ZS. ZOFFMANN In the area of the cemeteries and outside of (them, parts of dwelling sites have also been exposed. Ait Zengővárkony the cemetery groups surround the extensive settlement ina circle. The data however, do not give us any clues as to the relation between the various cemetery groups and the parts of the settlement, nor to fix the vertical or horizontal stratigraphy of /the latter. In some cemetery groups the graves were dug into the dwelling pits. 9 In olther groups the digging of the dwelling pits disturbed previous graves, 10 while some graves of the same groups are out into the cultural layer. 11 On this basis we may dintinguislh at feast two choironological strata at Zengővárkony. On account the partial uncovering, however, an exact chronological division of the cemetery groups is impossible. We find a similar situation at Villánykövesd, Where the graves were also dug into the pits df the dwelling place. 12 Further data to the relative dhronology inside the cemeteries are furnished by the copper jewels found in the graves. At Villánykövesd two of the 28 gra'ves contain copper. 13 At Lengyel and at Zengővárkony capper is appearing only in some of the cemetery groups. At Lengyel copper beads were found only in übe »«Eastern group«. 14 At Zengővárkony some cemetery groups are devoid of copper. (Among the completely uncovered ones this was the case in group 6a.) In the other groups copper is sporadic or only relatively frequent. The appearance of capper enables us to define the inner dhronology of the cemetery: among the 9 Group VId: graves 55, 156, 157, 158; group IXb: graves 319, 320, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 33Í. 10 Group XIII: graves 345, 346; group XI Va: graves 362, 364, 368. 11 Group XIII: graves 349, 350, 366; group XlVb: 341. grave. 12 Dombay 1959. Suppl. III. 13 Dombay 1959. 61—64. 14 Wosinszky, M., Ékszerek a lengyeli neoliithkori sirmezôlkbâl (Jewels firoim the Neolithic Cemeteries at Lengyel). Arch.Êrt. 1891. 158. entirely unearthed groups 6a is an earlier one, VId and XI are of a later period. Group Vic represents probably an intermediary period, since from its 51 graves copper is found only in one. 15 A frequent phenomenon in the graves of Zengővárkony are skeletons withoult skulls. 1(i This burial rite occurs only in some cemetery groups i(a!mong the completely uncovered ornes groups Vic and VId), and is unknown in others i(6a and XI groups among the completely unearthed). The coeval oemeltery groups may be separated on this basis. If we consider the population of Zengővárkony as a homologous trilbe on aeoounlt olf its contemporary existance and oomimon material culture, the custom of separating the skiuűls may help us eventually to divide it in two parallel unities, perhaps even to identify them as two phraitrias. 17 These two forms of the burial rite are observed also in the later cemetery groups, rich in capper. Thus it is prolbalbly that both plhratrias (?) persisted as long as the Zengővárkony settlement was in use. The fact that each phatria posessed several coeval cemetery groups may be explained by the social structure of the phiratria. The phratria is divided into clans, 18 eadh clan burying its dead in a separate cemetery group according to the burial rite of the respective phratria (severing or not the skull). The incomplete excavation at Zengovairfcony does not enable us to define the exact numlber of the clans at Zengővárkony living at the same itlme. (Table II.) 15 Grave 218. 16 E. g. graves 58, 83, 92, 93, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 119, 128, 137, 162, 178, 179, 180, 187, 188, 189, 195, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 214, 256, 261. According to the definitions of sexes, made by J. Dombay mainly on the basis of archaeological data, the graves contained in the first place male skeletons. (Dombay 1960. 200.) 17 Bodrogi, T., Társadalmak születése (The Birth of Societies). (Bp. 1962.) 87. (In the following Bodrogi 1962). 18 Bodrogi 1962. 87. Table II A tentative division of the cemetery groups at Zengővárkony according to chronology and social structure Social Phratria I Phraitriia II Chronological ^ \^ division (custom of se(the lack of the division vering the skulls) same custom) Early period (without copper) 6a (Via, IXa) (VIb, Vlllb, XII, XIII. XlVa, XlVb) Later period (with copper) VIc ' VId (I la II XI 4b (Villa. IXb) IL 5a 'V 8 X)
