Wicker Erika (szerk.): Cumania 26. - A Kecskeméti Katona József Múzeum évkönyve (Kecskemét, 2013)
Régészet–Antropológia–Numizmatika - Wicker Erika: Szárnyékok, karámok és kutak egy Árpád-kori állattartó területen
Szárnyékok, karámok és kutak egy Árpád-kori állattartó területen Erika Wicker BARNS, PENS AND WELLS ON A LIVESTOCK FARM FROM THE ÁRPÁDIAN AGE (PETŐFISZÁLLÁS, M5 123-124. MILES) In 1998 during an exploration of 25.000 square meters in the 123.600-124.144 km site grid of the M5 highway - among other things - characteristic objects of animal husbandry which had been carried on for some time, were found at a nearby Árpádian Age settlement. During the reconstruction work the Author took the ethnographic data into consideration. Barns are the buildings of livestock for resting, traces of which are preserved by diagonally drawn straight or slightly curved trenches cut across the prevailing wind direction. Corrals and pens - including a partially covered shed - served to hold animals in one place. This is usually indicated by demonstrable post-holes beside the trenches in a few cases. The orientation of the pens is usually NW-SE. The following types can be distinguished according to their shape: rectangle and trapezoid shapes belong to the four-cornered pens. The precursors can be further classified in terms of whether their sides were curved or straight, or were surrounded by double trenches. A smaller group of the pens were circular. The 'Kopolya' (a special type of well on the Great Hungarian Plain), a cone-shaped, deep well - sometimes provided with small seat - was excavated on the site and served primarily as the shepherds' water supply. Although archeologically not feasible, it can not be excluded that with an appropriately built trough, they also served for watering the animals. On the basis of the intersecting objects, lean-tos could be the earliest livestock buildings. The pens are at first trapezoid, then circular and later rectangular. The curve-sided pens were built later. For a long time, this area was used for livestock by the inhabitants of the Árpádian Age village (villages) close by - probably destroyed during the Tartar invasion. After a short time new settlers took possession of this area: on the basis of the excavated circular structures, the author identifies them with the Cumanians. The author draws attention to the fact that on the areas used for livestock not only the buildings for animals had to be taken into account but the shepherds themselves also had to provide their own shelter. We can not lose sight of this during the determination of the objects, though shepherds' buildings were also very varied and left many traces in the ground. 97
