Pásztor Emília (szerk.): Sámánizmus és természethit régen és ma - Bajai dolgozatok 23. (Baja, 2019)

Andrzej Rozwadowski: Varázslyukak: Átjárók a szellemek világába a szibériai sámánizmusban

Sacred holes: Portals to the world of spirits in Siberian shamanism

the hole in the ground through which evil spirits could worm their way into this world and cause disease. Upon finishing the ritual, the shaman would plug the hole with another fish figurine (e.g., a perch), thereby blocking the evil spirits' gateway to the human world (Vasilev 1909, 276).

Beliefs about entering the other world through a hole in the rock are no less common. Caves and rocks with holes were revered aspects of the sacred landscape among

the Mansi (Glavatskaya 2011, 241), the far eastern Manchu- Tungus peoples (Avronin

and Koz'minskiï 1949, 329; Khasanova 2007, 135-40, 144; Sasaki 2011, 267-8), or by

different Turkic speaking peoples of south of Siberia. Particularly rich amount of data on the beliefs that the another life can be found in the interior of the mountain is found in the folklore of the Khakas people (Fig. 7), who today inhabit the area of the Minusinsk Basin in southern Siberia. Khakas folklore could even be described as the most spectacular corpus of traditions containing this motif. The very name of the 'Khakas' itself offers an important clue: the Khakas people (especially the Sagai tribe) are popularly called 'the mountain people'. Their ethnonym however stems not from the fact that they live in the mountain landscape, but

Fig. 6. Evenki drawing representing mythical homes of the shaman's helping spirits called during a ceremony. Note a hole in the mountain connected with the shaman's drum by the (spiritual) line (after Anisimov 1958:141, fig. 9).

6. kép. Evenk rajz. amely a sámán a szertartás során megszólított segítő szellemek mitikus otthonait ábrázolja. A sámán dobjától egy (spirituális) vonal kapcsolódik egy lyukhoz a hegyen.

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