Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1980 (7. évfolyam)
1980 / 2. szám - KÖNYVEKRŐL - Devillers, Philippe: A szovjet nemzetbiztonsági politika (1944-1978). Egy francia interpretáció (Gazdag Ferenc)
Emil Borsi: The growth of the interstate relations of the socialist countries The thirty years of existence of the socialist world system makes possible, and the needs of the further growth in collaboration makes desirable, that the system of interstate relations of the socialist countries, and trends of development within it, be studied as thoroughly as possible. A number of positions are present in the policies of the socialist countries concerning their relationship to each other, and all these have made an impact on practice. Their analysis is called for. Political public opinion also shows a keen interest in the processes of interstate relations, e.g. whether cooperation is the dominant trend at the moment, or separation is strengthening. Only an analysis of the objective processes can provide an answer to such questions. For thirty years now the socialist world system has manifested both trends of development. . For a start socialism grows within the framework of independent-national or multinational-states. There are factors, however, which put a brake on the assertion of this double trend. These are, on the one hand, of an objective and subjective character, on the other they are connected with the continuing effect of certain pre-revolutionary circumstances, as well as with more recent factors which arose in the course of socialist progress. The double trend of objective effect is expressed as a dialectic unity of equal standing in the national and internacional policy of the parties and governments of the socialist community. In interstate relations this double trend finds concrete expression in a bilateral and collective system of cooperation. The Warsaw Treaty is the principal form and organizational framework of collective political cooperation on the part of the socialist countries, additional to bilateral or collective consultations which occur from time to time. The conferences of the General Secretaries of the Communist Parties have a stressed role in interstate political cooperation. The links between socialist countries continue to develop, through contradictions, and in spite of separation and hostile attempts to break up unity. The strengthening of cooperation makes the strength of the socialist countries firmer, country by country, and in unison, and increases their influence on the processes of international affairs. János I. Szirtes: The foundations of Austrian foreign policy The State Treaty, signed twenty-five years ago, on May ijth icjjj, and permanent neutrality, define the foundations, objectives and day by day operation of the foreign policy of the Republic of Austria. The events and medipm and long-term efforts of Austrian foreign policy cannot be properly evaluated without a consideration of the meaning and import of the State Treaty and of permanent neutrality, and of the way these are interpreted in Austria today. The independence of the 2nd Austrian Republic is linked' to the State Treaty and it was that treaty which put an end to the Second World War as far as Austria was concerned. Looked at from the foreign policy angle it provides the passive framework of the country’s international relations, permanent neutrality, on the other hand, can be regarded as the active framework. The State Treaty provided a starting point allowing for a satisfactory solution for the problem of Austrian ideqtity, basic to international relations between the Wars. Austria chose permanent neutrality as springing from the soil of the treaty. Given the prevailing social system this does not imply ideological neutrality. The Austrian state represents capitalist interests but its political position is not subjected to NATO, that is to the interests of a bloc. The Constitutional Act of Neutrality, passed on October 26th 1955, which expresses Austria’s choice of a policy of permanent neutrality, also declares that the country will not join any military block. Permanent neutrality is a rare form of manifestation of international relations. There is no definition accepted by international law. Nevertheless its status-and thus the status of Austria as well -is a fact which can be concretely palpated in international relations. The following are the most essential elements in the interpretation of Austria’s policy of neutrality: participation in détente, a policy of good offices, relations maintained with the socialist countries, relations with capitalist countries, and the defence policy aspects of neutrality. The principal trends of Austrian foreign policy are not free of contradictions, but they basically create favourable conditions for bilateral relations. The State Treaty and the active application of permanent neutrality proved to be a sound starting point for the growth of relations between Hungary and Austria as well. László Salgó: Changes in French African policy in the 1970s The primary aim of French African policy in the seventies was the preservation of French positions in a decolonialised Africa. V
