Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1977 (4. évfolyam)
1977 / 3. szám - Idegen nyelvű tartalomjegyzék
The Chinese leadership sees Western Europe as a force that counterbalances the Soviet Union. This motivated the desire to improve relations with Western European countries already in the middle sixties. Early in the seventies an opening towards Western Europe and the US was'hidcd by the change in basic foreign policy theses as enunciated by the 9th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The thesis of simultaneous struggle against imperialism and „modern revisionism”, as proclaimed by Lin Piao, where the fight against imperialism was consistently given priority, was removed from the agenda. Official Chinese statements made it abundantly clear that China saw its stand against the socialist community as its major foreign policy aim. The author shows the Chinese attitude to the German question as having undergone five stages between 1949 and 1975. Starting from support for the position of the Soviet Union, the GDR, and the other socialist countries, China reached a stage where they opposed peaceful coexistence as a way of solving the German question, turning against the agreements between the Federal Republic and the countries of the socialist community, as well as the Quadripartite Agreement on the status of West Berlin. Until 1973 China looked to France, starting with 1974 however, the Federal Republic of Germany gradually came to the fore. The Maoist leadership established closer links with British conservatives, and right-wing elements in West Germany. In addition to studying the modifications in the guiding principles of foreign policy, the author looks at the most important foreign policy events of 1973, 1974 and 1975, trying to establish the scope and limits of cooperation between China and Western Europe as well. The successful conclusion in 1975 of the European Conference for Security and Cooperation, which China had rigidly opposed from the start, meant a major failure. China should have liked to torpedo it by influencing the attitude taken by the states of Western Europe. Finally, the author discusses the role of Maoist parties in Western Europe, listing relevant data as well. István Ná/bon: Addenda to the pre-history of the New International Economic Order Amongst the preconditions of the idea of a new international economic order one should list the international balance of power of political, military, and economic forces; the beginning of detente, the crisis of the capitalist world economy and pf the national and international regulatory system of state monopoly capitalism; the growth of independent institutions in the developing countries, and the growing self-confidence of the Group of 77. The developing world recognised the opportunities offered by political independence, and its own interests, and was able to formulate its political and economic objectives. Contradictions in the NIEO are, according to the author, explained by the influence of the policies and practice of the capitalist and socialist system being both present in the foreign policy of developing countries, largely in keeping with their internal power situation. International economic relations can only be successfully democratized if democratic features in the socio-economic growth of the developing countries are strengthened. The greatest fault of the idea of the „new order” is that it addresses its demands to the „developed” world as a whole, treating the socialist and the capitalist system as equal. The article describes the history of the idea within the UN framework. It is pointed out that up to the early sixties, roughly to 1963 when the Group of 77 developed into an independent block, the collective will of the majority of member states largely expressed the attitude of classical colonialism. Economic backwardness figured as a static state, the consequence of slow growth determined by a specific combination of the factors of production. UN aid policy presented the developing countries with the capitalist alternative of economic growth. The position of the socialist countries, which stressed the need to put an end to political and economic dependence already in the fifties, was for some considerable time, barely effective. The article deals in detail with the Soviet proposal submitted together with the draft of a declaration on the independence of colonial territories to the 1960 General Assembly, which was aimed at laying down basic principles for international economic cooperation, as well as other, similar, socialist action for which conditions in the UN were not ripe yet at the time. The UN accepted the American proposal on the First Development Decade instead, and that, though sound here and there, was basically neo-colonialist. The article then traces changes in the attitude to international economic questions on the part of the developing countries from the criticism of the First Development Decade, through the extension of UNCTAD activities to the programme ot the Second Development Decade, and the idea of a New International Economic Order, showing what causes and forces led to greater emphasis being given to the North-South opposition, and the false thesis of the confrontation between „rich” and „poor” countries. János Király: New features of US Latin American policy For national security reasons so-called the US has always treated relationswithLatin American countries as something special. For the past hundred VII
