Hidrológiai Közlöny 1983 (63. évfolyam)

7. szám - Dr. Pálfai Imre: Az esőszerű öntözéssel szerzett tapasztalatok Magyarországon

330 Hidrológiai Közlöny 1983. 7. sz. Dr. Pálfai I.: Az esőszerű öntözés [23] Pálfai I.: Vegyes csővezetéki! esőztető berendezé­sek tervezése. Hidrológiai Közlöny. 1974/7. [24] Pálfai 1.: A teljesen beépített csőhálózatú esőztető berendezések Vízügyi Közlemények. 1975/1. [25] Pálhidy Cs. (Szerk.): Nagykunsági XII. öntözőfürt. A Középtiszavidéki Vízügyi Igazgatóság kiad­ványa. Szolnok, 1977. [26] Perényi K.: Automatizálás az öntözőberendezések­ben. Mezőgazdasági Technika. 1965/7. [27] Szilárd Oy.: Az öntözésfejlesztés aktuális kérdései. MÉM Mérnök- és Vezetőképző Intézet. Budapest, 1979. [28] Szilárd Gy.: Tények, tervek az öntözésről. Magyar Vízgazdálkodás. 1981/6. [29] Szőke-Molnár L.: Fontosabb öntözött ágazatok gazdaságossági vizsgálata. Öntözéses Gazdálkodás. VOL. X. No. 1. 1. melléklet. Szarvas, 1973. [30] Tájékoztató a mezőgazdasági vízhasznosításról. Az Országos Vízügyi Főigazgatóság, ill. az Országos Vízügyi Hivatal kiadványsorozata az 1962—1967. és az 1971—1980. évekről. Budapest. OiibiT opomeinoi ÄOWfleBaHHeM b apeAeJiax Beiirpmi d-p TlaAcfiau, H. B 1980-M rofly B Bem-pun B oöigeii CJIOJKHOCTH 330 ra c. x. TeppuTopHii (iiii.no 3Ha>iT0 no« opomaMoe 3eMJie«e­JIHC. 80% 3Toií njiomaan opoiuajiocb AO>KAeBaHHeM (268 Tbic. ra). npeoő^aaaioiuaji nacTb opocHTejibHoií TCXHHKH (Ha 180 Tbic. ra-x) nepeABHHCHaa, ocTajibHa« TeppnTOpHíi oöopyflOBana CTauiiOHapHbiMH TpyGonpoBOAaMii. B öojib­uiHHCTBe cjiywaeB Taicue CHCTCMH <{>ai<TH<iecKH ÍIBJIÍIHDTCÍI nojiycTanHOHapHWMH, nocKOJibKy pacnpe^ejiHTejibHbie rpyöonpoBOAbi caMoro Mnaauiero nopjiAKa HA HHX TaKwe nepenocHbie. TeppHTopníi nojiHOCTbio CTaunoHapHbix CHCTCM opouicHHji EFLBA npeBbiuiaeT 1000 ra. POCT ofiopy­flOBauHbix TeppiiTopHil HJiJuocTpHpyeTM puc. 1. 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H30öpa>KaeT iuian-cxeMy OAHORO H3 3THX yiacTKOB. llepeHOCHbie TpyGbi na iiojiycxauHonapHbix CHCTeMax cHaiajia nepeMeinajincb BpywHyio, aaTeiw nocTeiieHHO no»BHJiHCb MexaHHMCCKHC caMOxoAHbic ycxanoBKH, cpe«n KOTOpbix HanOojiee wnpoKoe pacnpocTpaHenne nojiy>injin weTbipc Tuna: caMoxoAHa», tiepe«BHraeMaíi Ha npnuene, CMATBINAEMBIE IHCKHC njjianrn, KOHcojibHbie ycranoBKH KpyroxoflHbie. CaM0X0AHbie ycTaHOBKH npuMeiijiFOTCH A-na opomeHH« HH3K0CTeöejibHbix KyjibTyp h npu Garo­npiiíiTHoií iuiamipoBKe MCCTHOCTH. nepABHHcenne Ha ripn­aene «BJiíieToi HanOojiee «eiueBbiM, nosTOMy Haniiojiee •lacTO npnivieHjieTCíi, HecMOTpji HA HEYAOGCTBA BC/ICACTBHÍI lacToii HCOGXOAHMOCTH Momawa H ACMOHTAMCA oGopyAO­BainiM, MTO TpeOyeT 3ATPATBI Gojibiuoro KOJiHMCCTBa )KHB0r0 Tpy«a. CMarbiBaeMbie ruGioie iiuiaHrii npiiMCHiiioTCH Maine BCC­ro A-an opomenHji icopMOBbix TpaB, nocKoabKy cGopKa iiocae BbiAami HOJIHBHOH HOpMbi Ha TpaBjiHHCToii no'iBe HC Bbi3biBaeT 3aTpyAHeHHH. KpyroxoAHoe Koncojibiioe 060­PYAOBAHNE O G HMHO NPHMEHÍÍETCJ! AJIFL NOJIHBA KyKypy3bi. C TOMKH 3peHH}i 3(])(])eKTHBH0CTH ncnojib3öBaHH5i paOoMeü CHJIBI nocjieAHee wnnercfi HaHöo^EE SKOHOMHOH, OAH3KO OHO TpeöyeT cpaBHHTejibHO BHCOKHC pafiomie Hanopw BOAW (4,5—5,0 Kn/cM 2). U,eHTpaj7bHbic nacocHbie CTaHumi nojiycTaaoHapubix opocHTejibHbix CHCTCM, i<ai< npaBiijio, aBTOMaTHSlipOBaHbl, 0AH3K0 (j'YHKUHOHIipOBaHIie B 3BT0­MaTHqecKOM poKiiMe ocymecTBJiaeTCH TOJibKO B Mecrax, rAe na Heöojibuiiix paccTOHHHjíx pacnojio>KeHbi HecKOJib­KO HaCOCHblX CT3H14HH H OCMOTp 3a HX paÖOTOÜ HpHXO­AHTC« OpraHHSOBaTb HeHTpaJlH30BaHH0. HcHTpajibHaji npoőjieMa aKcnjiyaTanmi AO>KAeBajib Horo oÓopyAOBaHna — STO HeAOCTaTOMnan 3arpy>i<en­íiocTb MomnocTeíí. B nocjieAHiie TOAH OHa Koaeöajiacb­MOKAY 60—90%. He3arpy>KeHH0CTb MacTimHO oGbjic­H>ieTCH nOrOAHblMH yCJIOBHJiMH, 0AH3K0, KpoMe 3T0r0 BO MHorHx MecTax Ha opocHTejibHbix CHCTeMax Bbipainn­BawTC5i KyjibTypbi, He Tpeöyromne oOHJibnoro opomeiiHji. Experiences gained with sprinkler irrigation in Hungary by Páljai, I. In 1980 altogether 330 thousand hectares were equipped for irrigation and round 80 per cent of this total (268 thousand hectares) for the sprinkler system in Hungary. The majority of the sprinkler equipment (180 thousand hectares) involved portable pipelines, the rest operating off buried distribution networks. The buried network developments should in most cases be understood to consist of mixed pipe systems, the last laterals being of portable desing. The total area served completely by buried networks attains hardly 1000 hectares. The growth of areas developed for irrigation is shown in Fig. 1. After an initial period of growth the application of portable sprinkler equipment types was arrested, since they presented transport- and labour problems, which the industrialized farming operations were virtually incapable of solving, owing to the large areas to be irrigated. The development type proved most successfull is the mixed-pipe network, with the mains buried permanently. Such projects were realized by state subsidy, under which the pumping station and the buried pert of the network were financed by the state, farming operations bearing the costs of the portable equipment only. The data of such projects realized from state funds are compiled in Table 1, their location being shown in Fig. 2. A typical layout of one of these projects is shown in Fig. 3. The portable pipes of the mixed-pipe irrigation projects were relocated manually in the early periods of development, but these were replaced successively by mechanically propelled equipment, of which four types have found widespread application, viz, rolling-, towed-, coiled- and revolving boom irrigation machines. Rolling laterals were used mainly in low crops and in cases without obstacles in the fields. Towed laterals are least expensive and became therefore most popular. Their disadvantage is that considerable labour is required for repeated assembling and dismounting. Coiling laterals are mostly used in overyear fodder crops, where coiling of the hose presents no difficulties on the vegetation-covered soil. Revolving-boom irriga­tion machines are favoured for maize irrigation. This type requires the least labour, but the high pressure (4.5 to 5.0 kp/em 2) required is considered a drowback. The central pumping station of mixed-pipe irrigation developments is usually designed for automatic operation, but this is practiced normally in aeras, where several pumping stations are situated within a short distance from each other, so that attendance and supervision can be solved from a single centre. One of the major problems in operating the sprinkler irrigation projects is the inadequate use of their capa­city, which has ranged between 60 and 90 per cent in recent years. This is in part attributable to weather conditions, but also to the fact that crops less dependent on irrigation were also grown in the areas equipped lor irrigation.

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