Hidrológiai Közlöny 1979 (59. évfolyam)

12. szám - Dr. Kovács György: A regionális lefolyás-szabályozás és a vízellátó rendszerek kapcsolata

/ 534 Hidrológiai Közlöny 1979. 12. sz. vízellátó rendszerekben — különösen pedig a regionális, vagy egy-egy nagy fogyasztási központot kiszolgáló ivóvízművekben — a biztonsági tartalék kialakítása parancsolóan szükséges. Ilyen mértékű infrastruktúrális beruházás reálisan csak olyan rendszer részeként valósítható meg, amely folyamatosan hasznosítható és így a beruházás hatékonysága biztosítható. Mindkét példa igazolja, hogy a vízszállító rendszerek alternatívái közül általában azok gazdaságosak, amelyek lehetőleg hosszú szakaszon természetes medreket használnak fel a víz továbbítására. Ez egyben utal arra is, hogy a régiók közötti átvezetések többnyire nyersvízszállító rendszerek lesznek és ezek mellé kell a fogyasztási súlypontok közelében a tisztítóműveket telepítenünk, amelyek a kívánt minőségű vízzel látják el az esetleg ugyancsak regionális méretű elosztó hálózatot, vízbázisként használva az elsődleges átvezetéseket. 0 c0h3h peryjiupoBaHtm CTOKa 6 pernona.nbHOM MacuiTaőe H pa3BHTH*i peinonajibHbix CHCTCM BOjiocHaßweHHfl ff-p Koeau, JJ. HAen-Kopp. AH BHP Kpyr 4>yHKUH0HHp0BaHHJI BOflHOrO X03ÍJHCTB3 MO>KHO pa3ÄeJiHTb Ha Tpn KpynHbie oßjiacTH: — yaoBJieTBopeHne noTpeGHocTefi B BOAe; cßop, OTBOA H pa3MemeHHe Hcn0Jib30BaHHbix BOA; —• 3aiHHTa npOTHB BpeAHblX B03ACHCTBHH BOA KaK B KOJiHMecTBeHHbix TaK H B KaqecTBeHHbix acneKTax; — npoMHe npoH3BOACTBeHHo-oöcjiy>KHBaiomne (JiyHKUhh (BOflHbie nyTH H peKpeaimn, B0A0CHa6>KeHHe GaHb, KynajieH H BOAOJieneGHHu, Hcn0Jib30BaHHe TepMajibHbix BOA, rHAposHepreTHKa). YAOBJieTBopeHHe noTpeGHocTefi — MTO AO CHX nop ßbijio öecnpenHTCTBeHHbiM — TpeGyeT ABOÜHbie 3aTpaTbi, nocKOJibKy noMHMO pocTa noTpeßHOCTeü — B Mepy HCnojib30B3HH0CTH pecypcoB — B03pacTaK)T H yAejibHbie 3aTpaTbi. TeMnu pocTa STHX 3aTpaT onepewaioT TeMnbi pocTa 3K0H0MHKH cTpaH, MTO yKa3biBaeT Ha B03pacTaHHe Hanpji>KeHHOCTH B0AOxo3HÍicTBeHHbix SajiaHCOB. CmíhleHHe yKa3aHHofi HanpflweHHOCTH npeACTaBJiHeTCí) B03MO)KHbIM AByMH cnocoßaMH: TeXHHHeCKHM p33BHTHCM CjieAyeT AOÖHTbCJ! CHH>KeHH51 3aTpaT Ha CTpOHTejIbCTBO H SKCnjiyaTatUHO B0A0X03«HCTBeHHbix coopyweHHií; —- i;ejiecoo6pa3HbiM BeAeHneM xo35)iícTBa cjieAyeT peryjiHpoBaTb 3anpocbi noTpeßHTejieft a Tanwe KOJIHMCCTBO H KanecTBo pacnojioraeivibix BOAHMX pecypcoB. MTo6bi yAOBjieTBopHTb nepeHHCjreHHbiM Bbime AByM ycjiOBHjiM HeoöxoAHMo onpeAeJiHTb OHepeAHOCTb npoBeAeHHJl B0AOX03HHCTBeHHbIX MepOnpHHTHH, KOTOpbie B CBOK) OMepeAb AOJOKHbi ocHOBaTbCíi Ha KOMnJieKce HapoA0X03HÍÍCTBeHH0r0 njiaHHpOBaHHH, npHHHTHH B0A0X03flHCTBCHHblX peUieHHH H npHHIJHnOB eAHHOrO pa3BHTH5I BOAOCÖOpOB. PaccMaTpbiBan OAHy H3 oönacTeü yAOBjieTBopeHHA noTpeöHocTeH, a HMeHHo KOMiviyHajibHoe BOAOCHaö>KeHHe, Henb355 He OTMCTHTb 3HaMHTeJIbHbie AOCTH>KeHHÍl B J1HKBHAauHH BeKOBoii oTCTanocTH. CjieAyeT, OAH3KO, HanoMHHTb H TO, MTO CÖOp H OTBeACHHe CTOHHblX BOA He pa3BHBanocb nponopqHOHajibHO c BOAOCnaGweHHeiw. POCT noTpeÖHOCTeii H nocTencHHoe HCTomeHne pacnojioraeMbix pecypcoB npHBOAHJTH K TOMy, MTO BOAy npHXOAHTCfl TpaHcnopTHpoBaTb c yBejiHBaiouJiHXCH paccTOAHHH. MTOGh Gonee 3(J)(J)eKTBHo Hcn0Jib30BaTb npeöpocKH B neHTpajiH30BaHH0e BOAocHaGweHHe nocTeneHHO BKJuonajiHCb HaDr. Kovács Gy.: A regionális lefolyás-szabályozás ceJieHHbie nyuKTbi, HAXOAFLIUHECFL HEAAJIEKO OT Tpaccbi. flocTencHHo BOSHHKJIH pernoHajibHbie CHCTCMH BOAOCHAG»eHHji, oxBaTbmaiomHe OojieeMeHee oGumpHbie paiíoHbi CTpaHbi. 3TH CHCTeMbi CTAJIH npMepaMH npoBeAeHHji B )KH3Hb npHHUHnOB eAHHOTO pa3BHTHfl BOAOCGOPOB. Tai<HM 06pa30M co3AaHHe B perHOHajibHbix CHCTeMax BOAOCHa6M<eHHH BOAOxpaHHJiHin H KaHajiOB nepe6pocKH HMeeT Gojibuioe 3HaqeHHe H C TOMKH 3peHHH YNPABJIEHH« BOAHBIMH pecypcaMH. XeoGxoAHMO, MTO6M 9Ta paGoTa npoAOJib>Ka^acb H TeopeTHMecKH oCoraTHjiacb. Uejieco06pa3HbIM 06pa30M CJieAyeT KOOpAHHHpOBaTb pa3JIHMHbie BOAOX035IHCTBeHHbie MepOnpHHTHfl, npOBOAHMbie Ha BOAocGopax H 0PRAHH30BATB MHoroqejieBbie CHCTEMBI coopy»ceHHH. Tai< MO>KHO oGecneMHTb B3aHM0AeíícTBHe Me>KAy peryjmpoBaHHeM CTOKa h perHOHajibHbiM BOAOCHaÓ>KeHHeM. Relationships between regional runoff control and water supply systems By Kovács, Gy. G. Member, Hungarian Academy of Sciences The sphere of activity of water management can be divided into three large domains, namely — water supply and the collection, disposal of effluent waters, — safety against the various losses caused by water, — other productive-service activities (waterways and recreational areas development, medicinal and balneological water, thermal water development, hydroelectric power). The demands could be met thus far without major difficulties, but the expenditures involved keep increasing on two accounts, since the rapidly growing demands are accompanied by unit costs rising as the development: capacity ratio increases. The costs rising at rates faster than economic growth indicate growing tensions between demands and supplies. To alleviate these tensions two approaches should be followed

: — the construction- and operating costs of water resources projects should be reduced by technical development, — the consumer demands, as well as the volume and quality of available supplies should be controlled by rational management practices. To realize this double objective, it is essential to adopt a complex philosophy in determining the procedure of water management measures, in economic planning and decision making for comprehensive river basin development. Considering one sector of water supply, namely communal water works it is established that considerable advances have been made in eliminating the backlog inherited. Unfortunately, sewerage has not progressed at a rate comparable to that of supply. As a consequence of growing demands and exhaustion of local supplies it was found necessary to convey water from successively greater distances. To make better use of the expensive measures made for augmenting supplies regional systems have been developed distributing water to major areas. This was made possible by connecting to the conveying pipelines the settlements and communities situated along it. These regional distribution networks exemplify the observation of the integrated basin principle underlying any river basin development. By the construction of reservoirs and interbasin transfer projects these regional distribution networks assumed a leading role in runoff control activities as well. This work should be continued at unaltered pace and under an improved attitude. This is made possible by concerting the various water resources projects in the region, by the development of multi-purpose project systems. The relationship between regional runoff control and the water supply systems will be established in this way.