Hidrológiai Közlöny 1974 (54. évfolyam)

3-4. szám - Könyvismertetés

Hidrológiai Közlöny 1974. 3—4. sz. 134 undations cause losses primarily to the agriculture. Nevertheless, the damage caused to the transportation network and to the settlements is also a considerable one. For the better utilization of the capacity available is cooperating drainage systems, the specific density of the canal network must be increased from 0.78 to 2.14 km/sq. km, while the capacity of pumping stations from 618 to 850 cu.m/sec. In connection with the development of drainage systems, the better utilization of precipitation waters must also be solved by the construction of reservoirs. In the plains a total reservoir volume of 350 to 400 million cu.m must be developed. Watershed control works in mountain- and hilly regions include the drainage of harmful waters from valleys, the retention of useful amounts, their storage and the control of groundwater stages. The damages by water in mountain- and hilly areas affect first of all settlements, production plants and transportation lines. The total length of watercourses and canals in mountain- and hilly areas is round 30 thousand kilometres, of which about 17 thousand are more-or-less controlled. In the future the construction of valley reservoirs fed by watercourses will accelerate. As a result of flood control constructional measures, the safety against flood inundations has greatly increased. Nevertheless, the degree of protection offered by the structures is generally lower than warranted. As a consequence of human activities modifying the hydrological phenomena, the frequency and peak stage of floods tends to increase. The objective is to attain a substantially higher degree of flood safety. This is made necessary by the fact that round 25% of the territory of the country are flood plains protected by levees. The flood control structures along the rivers are in need if further development. In the interest of increased flood safety new engineering solutions must be applied on a wide scale. The cross-sectional dimensions of the levees must be increased, watertight linings on the water side, further cutoff walls and curtains, as well as relief and interception systems on the protected side are required for controlling levee saturation and underseepage. Advanced, automatic rain- and stage recorders connected to computerized forecasting centers must be established successively. River regulation constitutes a multi-purpose water management activity. The main purposes include: Ensuring the stability of the channel, Permitting diversions from, and outlets into the river. Promoting the unobstructed passage of floods and ice. Maintenance of the required waterway. Several projects will be completed in the next years on the Danube, which will encourage international river traffic. For this reason a navigation depth of 25 dm must be maintained. Over the section upstream of Nagymaros this can be realized by canalizing the river section, involving the construction of the Gabcikovo

—Nagymaros barrage system. In the absence of barrages the required navigation depth could be maintained at times of low waters — by the conventional methods of river regulation — only by diverting considerable portions of the discharge from other economic purposes. The water demand of other branches of economy could be met then at significant additional costs only. On the Tisza River, over the section upstream of Csongrád, regulations will become necessary in connection with the contemplated river barrage. Of the 2822 km long river sections forming the sphere of activity of river regulation, complete, or partial regulation must still be performed over 1307 km length. By 1985 round 50% of the presently recognized river regulation works can be completed. For regulating the watersurface of Lake Balaton, which is of great turistic and recreational value, the capacity of the outlet works at Siófok and of the connecting canal must be increased. Shore protection works must be built over a length of 75 km along Lake Balaton. A special study is necessary to clear whether water must be imported or not to the take. The shortage in energy carriers is typical for the energy situation in Hungary. For meeting part of the energy demand the harnessing of water power as an alternative solution must also be considered. The total hydroelectric power potential of the country is estimated at about 850 MW, but no more than about 2% thereof is exploited. Depending on the perspective development possibilities of the power system, consideration is given to the construction of the Gabcikovo

—Nagymaros hydroelectric plant. Of the power producted the share of Hungary would be 423 MW. In meeting peak power demands pumped storage plants may play an important role. The economic feasibility study on the 600 MW pumped storage scheme at the Prédikálószék showed attractive possibilities. The perspective objectives reviewed before and grouped according to the different water management activities cannot be realized, unless the engineering standard of each activity is raised. Provisions must be made that the rate of technical development should keep pace with the general socio-economic development, with the financial and engineering background and with the economic possibilities. As general remark it is stated that in comparison with the standard required by the general evolution in technology the technical standard in performing water management activities is rather low, meeting the requirements in certain fields, e.g. flood control, only. The most important tasks in technical development can be summarized as follows: — In water supply and sewerage efforts must be centered on the improvement of purification and treatment technologies. — In flood control and drainage a higher level of mechanization is necessary, wider use must be made of plastics and communication must be improved. — In the realization of projects mechanized technologies must be generally introduced. This presents especially serious problems in the construction of distribution-, irrigation- and sewer networks. — Substantial development must be achieved in the use of prefabricated elements. — Automation must be extended in all spheres of water management. As will be perceived from the foregoing, the development in water management made imperative by the socio-economic evolution envisaged in Hungary during thé coming decades is comparable in scope only to the vast river regulation works of the past century. In the development objectives it is presumed that the share of water management will be higher than the general development rate of infrastructural activities. Within the period reviewed its share of the total investments in the national economy will range from 8 to 10%. The realization of the objectives included in the perspective development plan imposes a heavy burden on the national economy. This, however, must be assumed to eliminate the general infrastructural underdevelopment which has become an obstacle to social and economic development alike. The perspective development plan of water management ensures thus that, with due allowance to the objectives, perspective planning and designing should proceed in harmony with the anticipated development of the national economy. In the complete realization of these objectives planners and designers must play a primary and decisive role, since these objectives are realized by means of new projects and reconstructions, for which they prepare the basic document, namely the set of construction drawings. The designer must be well versed in the techniques, advances, evolution trends and possibilities of his own special field, and of those related thereto. In the course of his work, often by additional efforts and assuming the responsi-