Hidrológiai Közlöny 1962 (42. évfolyam)

1. szám - Magó I.: Az olajipari szennyvizek tisztításával kapcsolatos hazai tapasztalatok és újabb eljrások

28 Hidrológiai Közlöny 1962. 1. sz. Magó 1.: Az olajipari szennyvizek tisztítása BJIHHHNE 33BHCHT OT cnoco6a B0fl0n0Tpe6jieHHfl (nnTbe­Boe, npOMbiiujieHHoe BOflonoTpeSjieHne, noTpeÖAeHne FLJIH opoiueHHH, AAH cnopTa H AJTH noTyuieHHH nowapa). B cjiynae öojibianx npHeMHHKOB OAHaKO AonyiueHiie HefJiTOHoro 3arpyi3HCHH5i — HCBAHJNOMERO HA CSMOOMM­maromyio CN0C06H0CTB >KiiBbix BOA — JIBAHCTCH HCSKO­HOMHMHblM. Tojiinimy HC(])THH0r0 CAOH Ha BO^E MO>KHO onpe­fleJiHTb ywe no ero HBeTy. BcnjibiBaiomHe Ha noBepxHocm boám AcpiiBaTbi HE(})Tbi HBJIHIOTCH HC no>KapoonacHbiMH HanpoTHB AO CHX nop MMeiomiixcH MHCHIIH. OTKaiKa HaCOCaMH HC((miHbIX CTOHHblX BOA He3a­BHCHMO OT 06pa30BaHII5I 3MyjlbCHH He 0Ka3bIBaCT ŐJia­ronpHATHoe BAHHHHC HA OINCTKY B SYFLYME.W, TAK KAN I'paHyjlOMGTpHHeCKHH COCTaB He(|)TH BepOHTHO H3MCHHTCH, T. e. MaCTHUbl HCtftTH H3MCJlb»I3IOTC5I. ripii pacneTe He<jrreyjiGBHTe.neíí CK0p0CTb Bcnjibi­BaHHH MacTHU nojiyiaeM no (fopMyjre CTOKca, no KOTopofl CT0HH3H BOfla C ÖOJiee BbICOKOH TCMnepaTypOH HBAÍieTCH öojiee BbiroflHoft AAH BciiAbiB3HHH HCifmi, cjit'AOBaTejibHO M 3<J)<j)eKTHBHOCTb A0A>KH3 ÖblTb JiyMUie. OflHaKO HaiHII onbiTbi 3Toro He noATBepHíaajiii. MO>KHO npe/inojiaraTb, MTO B CTOHHOÍÍ BOFLE, HMeiomeft öojiee BbicoKyio TeMnepa­Typy, MacTHiibi Hei})Tbi jierne pa3MejibHaioTC5i, pacnasaroT, TaK Kai< B5I3K0CTb HC(|)TH CHAbHee yMCHbwseTCH npn yBejiHMeHMH Te,\incp3Typbi, MCM y BOAH (maÖA. 1). Pa3­MejIbMeHIUO MaCTHH HC<j)TH CnOCOÖCTByeT 0TK3MK3 CTOMHOíl BO/íbi, npnMGHeHHe nepenaAOB, n0B0p0T0B ii Hbipíuoiunx CTCHOK npenflTCTByiouiMX B3pbmy B KAHAJIE CTOMHHX BOA. B cjiyMae nepcKSHKH pcKOMeHAyt'M npHMeHMTb B3pbiBo6e3onacHbie ajieKTpoABuraTejiti, HAH repMCTime­CKOe pa3AeJieHne ABnraTejin OT nepei<3HHB3iomiix Haco­COB II3-3a AeCTHAAaTOB, BCTpeHaiOmilXCJI B CTOMHOH BOAe (Hanp.: 6eH3HH). B HHTepecax 3amiiTbi HC(J)TeyAOBnTeAeH ueAecoo6­pa3H0 npHMeHHTb necKoyAOBHTeAH. BecbMa npewwy­MECTBEHHBIM 0KA3AA0CB BJHIAHHC necKoyjioBnTejm c BepTHKajibHbiM nepeAHBaHHCM Ha 3aflep>KHBaHiie He<}>TN. CpeAH HbipHIOlHIIMH CTeHKaMH, nOCTpOCHHblMH n03M(C, 3aAep>i<aAacb 30—70% He«J)TH, coAepHomefícH B cupoíí CTOHHOH BOAe H A3>Ke npH HeCKOAbKO MHHyTHOM BpeMCHH xpaHeHiiH. Tan KaK BciiAbmaiomstt HccfiTb HMCCT 6jia­ronpiiHTHoe nanpaBJieHiie ABHWCHHH, coBnaAaiomee c HANPABAEHIIEM ABMWCHIIM BOAH, ÖHJIO 6bi nejiecoo6pa3­Hi.iM npoBeAeHiie iicnbiTaimit rio nei})TeyjiOBiiTejijiM c BCPTHKAABHBIM NEPEAHBAHHEM (ifomo 1—2). MecTHoe OTCTaHBaHiie H3BECTK0B0R0 HAa, BO3HII­Kaiomero y KOTEJIBHBIX HC^TenepepaSaTbiBaioiiinx 3aB0­AOB HBAflCTCH HeOÖXOAHMblM. B npOTHBHOM CAyH3e H3­BeCTKOBblíl HA npn CMHrMCHHII BOAbI 3a KOpOTKHÍÍ nepiiOA BpeMCHH 3anOAH5ieT II0JIE3H0H OÖTaeM HC(|)TCyjlOBHTeAen. ílpiiMirny pacnpocTpaHeHiiji r0pii30HTaAbHbix HecpTe­yAOBI-ITCAeH H3A0 HCIOTb B MX npocToíí 3KCnAOaTaHHH. no HauiiiM onbiTaM iHApaBjiHMecKHii pe>KHM Taniix 6ac­CeílHOB MemaTb C HbipHIOIUHMH CTeHKaMH HCHCAeCOOÖ­pa3H0, TaK KaK TeM CaMbIM yxyAUiaeTCH 3(j)(()eKTHBH0CTb 3aAep>i<aHii5i He(J)Tii 1 a—b). I~Io onuTaM 3({i({)eK­TiiBHOCTb HerAyöoKHx öacceHHOB jiymue, MCM rAyöOKHx. B HHTepecax 3HMHero CHÍITHH HC<J)TII MU NPHMEHHJIH noAorpeBaTeAbHbie Tpy60np0B0Abi napa (tpomo 3), a ii3-3a nowapHoro oxpaHa HanpaBAHromiie Tpy60np0B0Abi AAH nAAMH ({fiomo 4). ripiiMeHeHne önoAorimecKoro (})HAbTpa HBAHCTCH BbiroAHbiM TOAbKO TorAa, KOTAA (|)HAbTpyIOLUHH MaTepnaA n Aepwamasi ero KopoÖKa He saönBaeTCH nacTO (cpomo 6) H KorAa 3a HHM HMCCTCH HC(|)TeyjiOBHTeAb, cooTBeTCTBy­romiiíí AAH YAOBAEHMH B03HiiKaiomiix KANAEFL HC<})TII. B Haiuett cTpaHe no coo6pa>KeHHflM XlP- Ko>Ke(t)a JlemeHen nepBbic TaHrcHnnaAbHbie HC(})TeyAOBnTejiii CTOHT nepeA ITPOH3BOACTBOM (ipuz. 3). Mx 3(})(})eKTnBH0CTb 3aBHCHT OT BPEMCHH 3APCRYAHPOBAHHH. NO HCnblTaHIIHM (/pm. 4) OHH 0KA3AJINCB NPNROAHBIMH AAJI 3AAEP>KAHIIH H3H0C0B H HMeioT xopoiuyio 3(J)(J)eKTHBH0CTb npn ÖOAEE KOPOTKOM BPEMEHH 3aperyjmpoBaHHH. Ha STOM OCHO­BAHHH HX NPHMEHEHIIE 0KA3BIBAETC5I SKOHOMIIMHUM. MeXaHHHCCKHH yXOA 3a HCfJlTOHblMII CTOMHbIMH BOAa.MH B npyAax-xpaHHAHmax ÍIBAHCTOI BbiroAHbi.M B CAynae HEC00TBETCTBEHH0 PA3AEJICHHBIX BHAOB CTO'iHbix BOA- Hx 3(J)(JíeKTHBH0CTb 33BHCHT OT KOHUCHTpaHHH npil­TeKaioinen Hetj)™ H OT Bpe.weHii xpaHeHHH (tpue. 5a—b). Hame npeAn0A0>KeHHe noATBep>KAaeTCH h pe3yAbTa­TaMH HCCAeAOBaHHH, npOBCACHHblX Ha OnblTHOM HC(})Te­nepepaöaTbiBaioujeM oöopyAOBaHHH B MOCKBC, B BOíirEO. /JaAbHeüuiuMU 3adataMU HeAHwmcn CAedywufue: co3A3HHe nepeABH>KHbix Hc<J)TcyjiOBHTeAen aah SypcHHH HetJiTOHbix KOAOAUeB, peuiCHne 3aAep>KaHiiH HC(J)TII npn npoMbiBKe aBTOUHCTepH, ycTpaHeHne 3arpH3HHioinero ACilCTBIIJI HC(|)TbK) 5ap>K-UHCTepH, MOTOpHblX AOAOK II cyAOB. no HauiiiM pacieTaM BPCMH 0i<ynacM0CTH coBpe­MCHHOro, MexaHiinecKoro oöopyAOBaHHH He(})TeyAOBii­TejiH cocTaBJiHeT 2—5 AeT. TaKHM oöpa30M OHH CAywaT 3aiUHT0H He TOAbKO AAH WHBblX BOA, H0 H BMeCTe C TeM HBAHIOTCH Iip0H3B0ACTBeHHbIMH OÖOpyAOBaHHHMH. Experiencc and New Metliods in the Treatment of Oil Wastes in Hungary By I. Magó The ever increasing use of water forces man to protect surface waters against various sources of pollution, and thus algo against the oil-eontaining waste-effluents of plants of the oil-industry. The pre­sence of oil in water is not always objectionable, this being dependent on the purpose for which water is intended to be used. (Drinking, industrial nse, irriga­tion, recreation, fire extinguishing). However, the presence of oil wastes, even in quantities sufficiently small not to affect the self-purification ability of live watercourses, may be found uneconomical in larger recipients. Conclusions as to the thickness of the oil layer may be drawn from the colour of the oil film appearing on the watersurface. Contrary to common belief, oil derivatives float­ing on the surface present in generál no fire hazards. Pumping of oil-wastes is never likely to be advan­tageous for subsequent sewage treatment since, regard­less of the formation of an emulsion, the partiele distri­bution of oil is probably changed, i. e., the oil becomes more finely dispersed. When designing oil interceptors, the rising velo­city of oil particles is calculated froin Stokes' formula, according to which a higher sewage temperature is ad­vantageous for the rising of oil, and conseqently an improved efficiency should be expected. Our experi­ences, however, failed to corroborate this opinion. At elevated temperatures of the sewage, the oil particles may be assumed to become finer, since with increasing temperature the viscosity of oil decreases at a higher rate than that of the water (Table 1 •). The dispersion of oil particles is promoted by pumping the sewage, and by the application of bottom weirs, directional changes and explosion guarding submerging walls in the sewage canal. Owing to the light distillates (e. g. petrol) which may be present in the sewage, the use of explosion­proof electric motors, or an airtight isolation of the motors and the pumps is expedient whenever lifting is found necessary. For protecting the oil interceptors grit chambers should preferably be used. The oil retaining effect of verticai flow sand traps has been found very advan­tageous. Between 30 and 70 per cent of the totál oil content of raw sewage was retained within the space between the submerging walls installed after completion, even if the retention period did not exceed a few minutes. Since the direction of rising oil is identical with that of the flow, it is deemed expedient to inau­gurate experiments with verticai flow oil interceptors (Ills. 1 and 2). The local settling of lime sludge attendant at the boiler houses of oil refineries is positively necessary, otherwise the lime sludge of water softening would fill the useful space of the oil interceptors in a very short time. The widespread application of horizontal oil interceptors is probaly due to their simple operation. Experience has shown, that flow conditions in similar basins should not be disturbed by intermediate

Next

/
  • Layout
  • Zoom
  • Rotation
Thumbnails
Contents