Hidrológiai Közlöny 1960 (40. évfolyam)

5. szám - Szabó L.: Vízszintes lecsapoló elemek távolságának meghatározása

Szabó L,.: Vízszintes lecsapoló elemek távolságának meghatározása Hidrológiai Közlöny 1960. 5. sz. 335 SZABVÁNYOK MSZ 6216-55. Alagcső égetett agyagból. Szabvány­gyűjtemények 14. Útügyi szabványok. Közgazd. és Jogi Könyvkiadó. Budapest. 1956. MSZ 11317-52. Szivárgók útburkolatok alá. Szabvány­gyűjtemények 14. Űtúgyi szabványok. Közgazd. és Jogi Könyvkiadó. Budapest. 1956. MSZ 15109-52. Alagcső fektetési munka. Budapest. 1953. szept. G. 02. MSZ 15212-52. R. Alagcsövezés tervezési irányelvei. Szabványgyűjtemények 14. Útügyi szabványok. Közgazd. és Jogi Könyvkiadó. Budapest. 1956. MSZ 15222-53. R. Szivárgás vizsgálata szemcsés ko­hézió nélküli talajban. Budapest. 1953. szept. Ajánlott G. 02. OrtPEflEJlEHHE PACCTOHHMH MEJKflY TOPH­30HTAJlbHbIMH flPEHHPY KD1RHMH 3J1EMEH­TAMM 77. Caöo KaHfl. TexH. HayK npH OTBOfle BOflH c SojibiuHX TeppHTOpiiií (naiiiHH, jiyroB, aapojjpoMOB w T. A-) Bo^a co6bipaeTCH c noBepx­HOCTHblMH HUH nOA3eMHbIMH ApeHiipyiomHMH SJieMeH­T3MH (TPAHMEHMH, KAHAJIAMH, APEHAMH). PACCTO^HNE Me>Kfly OTBO^amHMH ajreMeHTaMH ONPEAEJIHETCA B nep­BOH onepeflH rHAporeonorHMecKHMH CBOFICTBAMH rpyHTa H npOH3BOACTBeHHbIMH flaHHbIMII OTBOAHIAHX SJieMeHTOB. rtosTOMy onpeAeJieHHe 3Toro paccTOHHiiH MOJKCT CHH­TaTbcH oöoöufeHHoű eudpoduHaMUHecKoü 3adaneü. Kpoivie 3Toro onpeAejieHHe ropH30HTajibHoro paccTOHHna MOKAV nOBepXHOCTHbIMH H n0fl3eMHblMH OTBOflHmHMH SJieMeH­TaMH npaKTHMecKH MO>KeT paccMaTpHBaTbCH modytcecm­eeHHOü 3aAaHeíí ii3-3a noAOÖHH <j)H3HqecKoro hbjichhh ApeHHpOBaHHH. HecMOTpn Ha BbimecKa3aHHbix, B cjiynae npwMe­HeHHH ypaBHeHHH, cjiy>«amHx AJIH onpeAeJiemtíi ropn­30HT3 JlbHblX OTBOflHIHHX 3JieMCHT0B, pe3yjibTaTbi BecbMa pacxOAflx (maö/i. 2). 3TO oöbflCHHeTCfl TeM, MTO ypaB­HeHHíiMH He MoryT 6biTb nonHOCTbio yMTeHbi (|>aKTopbi, BJlHHlOUIHe Ha peWHM flBH>KeHHH n0fl3eMHbIX BOA. yneT Bcex rHApojiorHHecKHX, (j)H3HK0-MexaHimecKHx, n0MB0­BeAiecKHx, rpyHTOBOXHMimecKHX H reojiorimecKHx xa­paKTepHCTHK, HJ1H (jiaKTOpOB flBJlHCTCH HeB03M0>KHbIM. no 3THM npHMHuaM Ha HacTonmeM ypaBHe Hamnx 3HaHHH Aa>Ke H HaAOHTCH Hejib3a Ha o6o6iueHHyio TeopeTiiMecKyio 3aBHCHM0CTb, KOTOpyiO H Ha npaKTHKe MOWHO ÖblJlO 6bl npHMeHHTb. A npaKTHMecKHe 33BHCHMOCTH AaioT AOCTO­BepHbie pe3yjibTaTbi TOJibKO npn oTAejibHbix BHAax rpyHTa. ÍIosTOMy smu 3aeucuM0cmu Mosym 6umb npu­MeneHbi mojibKO e paMKax opueHmupoeoiHbix utupopMaiiuü. B AaHHOM cnynae öojiee TOHHbie AaHHbie MoryT öbiTb onpeAeneHbi TOJibKO Ha OCHOBaHHH MCCTHMX HccJieAOBa­HHH. K peKOMeHAyeMbIM MeCTHbIM HCCJieAOBaHHÍIM CHa­MaJia onpeAejiaeTc^i cnocoö co3AaHHH ApeHHpyiomeü cncTeMbi Ha OCHOBaHHH npeABapHTejibHOH pa3BeAKn (j)H3HK0-MexaHHHecKHX CBOHCTB rpyHTa, HanpaBJieHnyi H rjiyöiiHbi cHCTeMbi. C yqeTOM BbimecKa3aHHbix HY>KHO co3AaTb OTBOAHmyK) TpaHiueio c AJIHHOÍÍ no KpafiHeti Mepe 20 m B KanecTBe SKcnepHMeHTajibHoro ynacTKa B cucTeMe. ílenpeccH0HH0e AeíícTBHe TpaHiueii Hy>KHo KOHTpOJlHpOBaTb C IiaÖJIIOAaTCJIbHblMH KOJIOAHaMH no ypaBHHM rpyHTOBbix BOA. Jíjiíi HccJieAOBaHHH neoöxo­AHMO HMeTb Hacoc, KOTopbiíi paőoTaeT ao TCX nop, noná AenpeccHH ne ycTanaBHJiacb. KorAa HMCIOTCH B HauieM pacnopn>KeHiiii AaHHbie no AenpeccHH, TorAa ywe MO>KHO onpeAejiHTb paccmon­HUH Mejtcdy omeodmifUMU SAeMeHmaMU no 0us. 2, e CAy­tae cuMMempuwoeo deumenuH omnocumeAbiw ocu mpan­uieu u no 0ue. 3, e CAynae pa3Amatoufeio om smoeo deu­yiceHun. B nepBOM cjiviae HCKOMOe paccTOHHiie nojiyqa­ercfl no onpeAejieHiiio Ha KPHBOH AenpeccHH TOÍÍ TOMKH, B KOTopoft BejiHHHHa Aenpeccini paBHaeTca nojioBHue MHHiiMalibHott AenpeccHH (S/2), AonycKaeMoií Ha ocy­UiaeMOÍÍ TeppHTOpHH. JjBOiÍHaH BeJIHMHHa pacCTOHHHH 3T0H TOHKH OT OCH TpaHLUeH HBjlfleTCH IICKOMOH BejIHHHHOH. B cjiyiae AenpeccnoHHwx KpHBbix, He CHMMCTPHH­HMX K OCH TpaHiiieH, AJIH onpeAejieHHíi paccTOHHim ajie­MeHTOB cnepBa ny>KHo HaHecm yAejiHMHBaiomHecH opAH­HaTbi 6onee KpyToft KPHBOH, H3MepeHHbie OT nepBOHa­MajibHoro ypoBHH BOAH, Ha HHWHIOK) NOJIOBHHY KPHBOH B IipOH3BOJlbHO BblÖpaHHblX TpÉX T0MK3X (0UZ. 3. mOHKU A, B, C) ApvroH AenpeccHOHHOH KPHBOÍÍ. COCAHHHH Bepxmie TOHKH nojiyneHHbix KpHBbix (moiKU K, L H M), Ha STOH KPHBOM MO>KHO H3HTH TOMKY, RAE BEJIHMHHA AenpeccHH KaK pa3 paBHaeTCH c BejiimHHOü 3anpoeKTH­pOBaHHOH S. 06o3Hamm 3Ty TOMKy qepe3 6yi<By P. riocjie 3Toro opAHHaTbi Sojiee KpyTOH AenpeccHOHHOH KPHBOÍÍ IIAHOCJIRCH NOA AenpeccHOHHyio KPHBYIO APVROÜ CTopoHbi TaKHM 0öpa30M, MToSbi nojiyMaeMaH KpHBaa nepexoAi-ijia 4epe3 TOHKY P. nepeceieHiieM STOH KPHBOÍÍ H 3anpoei<Tnp0BaHH0H JIHHHH -AHa TpaHuiew AafiTCH HCKöMoe paccTOHHiie. PeKOMeHAOBaHHoe HccjieAOBaHiie HBJineTCH pacuin­peHHeM npHMeHeHHH onbiTHoií OTKaHKH, KOTopaa y>Ke onpaBAajiacb npH CO3AAHHH KOJIOAUCB. OTAEJIBHOE KanH­Taji0Bji0>KeHHe He noTpeöyeTCH, T. K. yrjiy6jieHHe TpaH­meH H pacnojio>KeHHe HaSniOAaTe^bHbix KOJIOAUCB H 6e3 3Toro HBjineTCH HeoöxOAHMbiM. ECJIH nocjie ycTaHOBJie­HHH AenpeccHH H3MepneTCH H KOJIHMCCTBO BOAH, nojiy­HeHHOH H3 TpaHUieH, TO MOWHO nOJlYMHTb MeCTHbie, T. e. AOCTOBepHbie AaHHbie AJW pacieTa OTBOAHIHHX 3JieMeHT0B. Spacing Horizontal Draining Elements By L. Szabó Candidate of Technical Sciences When unwatering large areas (cultivated lands, pastures, air fields, etc.), water to be removed is col­lected by surface or underground draining elements, (such as ditches, canals, drainage pipes). Spacing of the draining elements is governed primarily by hydrogeolo­gical properties of the soil and by design features of the system and of the elements themselves. The deter­mination of their'spacing consitutes therefore a generál hydromechanical problem. Furthermore, owing to the similarity of the physical process of drainage, the determination of the spacing for surface and under­ground draining elements may practically be regarded as an identical problem. In spite of the foregoing considerations, the re­sults obtained by applying the equations which serve for the determination of the spacing of horizontal draining elements, show frequently wide divergences even for the same case (Table 2.). This can be ex­plained by the circumstance, that various factors affecting the movement of water in the soil can but partly be allowed for in these equations. It is practic­ally impossible to include all hydrological, soil­physical, petrographical, soil-chemical and geologieal properties, respectively factors. For this very reason no theoretical relationship of generál validity and suited for practical application can be expected at the present state of science. Empirical relationships, however, yield reliable information for a few soil types only. Their field of application should therefore be limited to purposes of informative character. In any given case more reliable data can be de­termined exclusively on the basis of site investigations. For performing the suggested site investigation, first of all the generál layout, direction and average depth below the terrain of the proposed drainage system is determined on the basis of preliminary soil explora­tions. With due consideration to these one pilot drainage ditch of at least 20 m length should be constructed for each section of the system. The drawdown effect of tho ditch is checked by the aid of groundwater observing wells. Until the drawdown becomes stable, a pump must be operated continuously for the inves­tigation. With data on drawdown available, the spacing of the draining elements can be determined according to Fig. 2 if flow is symmetrical about the axis of the ditch, and according to Fig. 3 for any other flow pattern. In the first case the distance desired is ob­tained by determining on the drawdown curve the point, where drawdown equals the half of the minimum drawdown value considered permissible for the area to be unwatered (s/2). The distance of this point from the ax\s of the ditch, multiplied by two yields the desired value.

Next

/
  • Layout
  • Zoom
  • Rotation
Thumbnails
Contents