Hidrológiai Közlöny 1956 (36. évfolyam)

5-6. szám - Salamin Pál: A belvízrendszerek tervezésének néhány kérdése

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B), Bbipawaiomiix 3aKOHbi ocaAKOB. tlpn 3HAHINI 3TIIX CYUTECTBEHHO YNPOMAIOTCH ONPEAEJIEHIIN (JtyHKUHH. Ilo XOAV npeACTaBAeHiiH nponcxoKAemiH n pacMeTa yAeAbHbix pacxoAOB CTaTbH cyMMiipyeT KOHeiHbie pe3yAbTaTbi uccAeAOBaHiiü, npoBeAeHHbix B BeHipmi AJIH ONPEAEAEHIIH HOPMBI CTOKA. npii II3A0>KeHiiii HenocpeACTBeHHbix npoeKTiipoBaHiiií B CTATBE FLAETCH o63op xofla HOBORO METOAA npoeicTIipOBamiH, KOTOpbIH OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha CBH3aHH0CTH npoueccoB npoAOAbHoro floßeraHiia n 3aperyjnipoBaHiiH, HTO SbiAO oniicaHü Bbiuie. OCHOBHHM NPNHUNNOM 3Toro METOAA HBJIAETCH CAESAVROMEE: „NPOBOAFLMYIO CETB HY>KHO o(J)opMAHTb napaAAeAbHO c peryAnpyiomeH ciiCTeMOíí. B CAyiae öOAbmoií 3(j)(J)eKTiiBH0CTii npoBOAHOH cem (q 6oAbLuoü) npiiMeHHeTCH onupaiomHHCH MHCTO HA niApaBAimecKiie npimminbi MCTOA, T. e. KorAa ocyunireAbHbiMu KAHAJIAMII BOAA npoBOAiiTCH COOTBCTCTBCHHO npoLieccy A'iHaMiiKii CTona H BOAW He ycneioT coőupaTbcH Ha noBepxHocTii B 3HaniTeAbH0H Mepe n Ha npoAOAwiiTeAbHOe BpeMH. 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CoBMecTHbiií pacMeT BOAonpoBOAHmeH ceTii n 3aperyAiipyiomeíí CIICTEMBI BBIROAHO AONOAHHETCH B 'AK)6OM CJiyMae uccjieAOBaHiieM, ii3yMaioimiM II onpeAejiHiomiiM BAIIHHIie OCOÖblX B0A0X03HHCTBeHHbIX II CeAbCK0X03flÍÍCTBeHHbix MeponpiiHTiiíí. BecbMa 3HaniTeAbHyio poAb nrpaeT opoiueHiie. B CBH3II C opomemieM B CTaTbe noAiepKiiBaeTCH, MTO ocoöoe BHiiMaHiie Hy>KHO oópamaTb na TO oScTOHTeAbCTBO, MTo B cAyqae opomeHiifl noMBa 6e3ycAOBHO CTaHOBiiTCH 6ojiee BJiawHOií, MeM 6es opoUieHllH. B 3aKJiioqeHiiii CTaTbii Aaerca onncaHiie cynmocTii 3K0H0MimecK0r0 iiccAeAOBamifl. npii COBMCCTHOM pacqeTe OTAeAbHbix SAeMenTOB cncreMbi no ocyuiiiTejTbHOíí MeAHopauHH BBOAiiMoe SKOHOMimecKoe nccJieAOBaHiie OCHOBblBaeTCH na KOAIIieCTBeHHOM II Ka^eCTBeHHOM AHAAH3E, oóxBaTbiBaiomeM n cpaBHimaiomeM BO3ACCTBIIH — iiMeiomne SKOHOMiitecKoro H oömecTBeHHoro 3naweHiiH — oAHoro KOMruieKTa TexHiiiecKiix BapnaHTOB. OTAeAbHbie BapnaHTbi SToro KOMnjieKTa coAepMOT npoei<Tbi BOAonpoBOAHineíi ceni n peryAiipyiomeii cncreMbi, CBH3aHHbix Me»Ay coőoií H 3anpoeKTiipoBaHHbix Ha yAeAbHbie pacxoAbi, BCTPEIAIOIUHECH B cpeAHeM OAIIH pa3 B pa3AimHbix no xapaKTepy roAax, HAH Ha 3aAep>KaHHbie pacxoAbi. B 3THX npoeKTax ymiTbmaiOTCíi n BJIIIHHIIH B0A0X03HHCTBeHHbIX II CeAbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX MepOIipiIHTIIÜ. Design problems of drainage systems by P. Salamin The proceeding hydraulic development of the Great Hungarian Plain called for the urgent improvement of methods employed in planning and design. Some fundamental problems arising in connection with this improvement work are discussed in the following. General planning should be based on the following fundamental principle : the planning of sinplus water control may not proceed independently as regards neither water-household, nor economics from the general water conservancy point of view including utilization of water as well. Methods of planning, furthermore, can be simplified to a certain degree only, according to the complexity of the water-control problem (Tables I. and If.) and corresponding to the nature of waterhousehold phenomena. General principles having been established, hydraulic and water-household calculation methods, preliminary as well as actual planning work are discussed. The study of non-steady water movements, observable on and under the surface of the catchment area, i.e., of interdependent run-off and subsoil storage phenomena serves as a basis of sinplus water control planning. Run-off and subsoil storage can be described by hydraulic and geohydraulic. methods respectively. The correct establishment of the time factor in run-off investigation is of paramount importance. The discussion of preliminary studies is extended to cover some problems of meteorologic investigations, as well as methods for the determination of the specific run-off. As regards the former, the establishment of exponents applying to the entire Great Hungarian Plain for the precipitation (intensity formula (e.g. i = at~ ') is of particular significance. The determination of these functions is thus greatly simplified. Parallel to the presentation of the origin and calculation of specific run-off, results of Hungarian investigations on the run-off coefficient are reviewed. Discussing the planning work proper, details of a new method, based on the above mentioned interrelation of flow and subsoil storage, are outlined. The principle underlying the method is the following : „The development of the conveyance and storage systems should bo coordinated. In case of a high-grade development of the conveyance system (q is large), i.e., if the canal system is capable of conveying the water collected in accordance with the run-off process, without significant surface detention and inundation, the design method based on purely hydraulic principles should be applied. However, in case of low-grade development of the conveyance system (q is small), i.e., if the surface detention and inundation preceding conveyance in the canal system is long, purely water-household principles will be considered in the design. According to the degree of development, depending on the results of economic investigations, an intermediate degree will in most instances be indicated, and the conveyance system, as well as the annexed storage facilities will be designed correspondingly. In these cases hydraulic and water-household principles should be applied simultaneously." For one of the most significant stages of design, for the computation of storage, an illustrative example is given (Figs. 1. and 2.). Simultaneous dimensioning of the storage and conveyance systems is advantageously supplemented by investigations into the effects of other, hydraulic and agricultural activities. Consequences of irrigation are of particular importance. Attention is called in the study, among others, to the fact, that irrigated soils are in every instance more saturated, than unirrigated ones, requiring due regard in the design. Essentials of the economic analysis are discussed concludingly. The economic analysis to be introduced in the comprehensive planning of individual elements of the entire surplus water control system is based both on the quantitative and qualitative comparative evaluation of economic, as well as social effects of various technical alternatives. The latter should be prepared with regard to eventual hydraulic and agricultural activities for different specific run-off and stored volumes respectively exceeded once in periods of different duration.