Hidrológiai Közlöny 1955 (35. évfolyam)

3-4. szám - A Hidrológiai Közlöny nyelvművelő rovata: Szaknyelvünk fejlődéséért

Jegyzőköny Hidrológiai Közlöny. 35. évf. 1955. 3—4. sz. Ilf9 CTopoHbi HHWHero fn>e(j)a npncyTCTByiOT ilojiee BOflOHeripoHimaeMbie rpyHTbi B öojrbuieM KOJiimecTBe, qeM B flpynix MecTax. B iiHTepecax CTporocTii npoBeAemia iiccneflOBawiH npoueccoB (J)iuibTpaiuin HeoöxoflHMO 3HATB BIOW rpyHTOB, o6JiaAaiomne iweHTiiHHbiMii c TOMKH 3pemiH (jtiiJibTpauim CBOiíCTBaMii, IIX TOMHoe pa3MeineHiie rioa niApOTexHimecKHM coopyweHiieM, a TaioKe AAHHBIE, xapaKTepn3yiomiie HX ripocipaHCTBeHHoe nojioweHite. HOBOE B PA3BMTMM nO BOnPOCY HCKyCCTBEHHOrO flO>KflE0BPA3OBAHMH JlacAO AyüecKU Boiipocu ncKyccTBeHHoro iipeo6pa30BaHiifl oöJiaKOB II j0>KAe06pa30BaHiifl ii3Jiara.riiicb B HameM >KypHaJie B 1949 r. JJaHHbiM cooömemieM CT3BIITCH uenb ii3jro>KHTb TE cyinecrBeHHbie no CBOeMy 3HaMeHHK) MOMeHTbl, B03HIlKimie Iipn pa3BHTiiu 3Toro Bonpoca B npouecce ripoBOAnivibix BO BceM Mwpe -ceputt onbiTOB no AO>K«eo6pa30BaHmo. Review of "Achievements in Soviet Hydrobiology of by D. Lastochlam. continental waters" by D. Lastochkin. (Ecology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 320—331.) O. Sebestyén After presenting the aims of hydrobiology in hydrology as well as in ecology. the author gives a review of the achievements in the central problem of biological productivity. In series of experiments the oxygen production of phytoplankton has been determined, with consideration for the respiration of algae, zooplankton and bacteria, also the various processes active under natural con•ditions. « Data established for the relation between nutrients and primary production are applicable for solving various problems in connection with watcr supply, etc. As to intermediary production, the importance of -complex food, including algae and bacteria, has been established for plankton crustaceans. In studies of the nature of food in pelophagia so far made it is impossible to assess the role of the zoobenthos in the transfer of mud. Fish are the subject of various experiments. Correlation between plankton-feeding habit and the age of fry, as well as the degree of selection in planktonbefore the fish in its hunt for benthic food (chemical, mechanical and spatial). The influence of environmental conditions on fish productivity has been shown in various physiological experiments. A table of food standards has been worked out, either 100 g Chironomus plumosus or one Chironomus individual being taken as unit. The solving of various problems of bacteriological relationships in lakes may be considered one of the highest achievements in Soviet hydrobiology: the direct count method for assessing numbers of bacteria, the bacterial activities within the eco-system of the laké, their role in the nutrition of zoo-plankton, decomposition of various organic compounde in the water and in the sediment the influence of bacterial life on the oxygen content of he different layers in the pelagium. Various problems concerning sediment have been dealt with (structure, and process of sedimentation rtrans-sedimentation], biological role of the surface film). In working toward the development of a theory of biological productivity Soviet science has made a considerable contribution. Various problems of flowing water have also been dealt with. Basic differences between lakes and ponds rivers could be established. The theoretical establishment of the unity of the river — through the interaction of various factors during he different seasons — and the revelation of its strucural elements (combination of deeps and shallows) bear directly on the foundation of the future theory of the biological productivity of the river. The achievements of Soviet hydrobiology as presented by D. Lastochkin might be characterised as follows: 1. Presentation of a definite aim for Soviet hydrobiology, considering the development of hydrobiology as a branch of ecology and hydrology. 2. Collaboration of science and everyday problems as expressed both in the aim of Soviet hydrobiology as well as in the detailed studies and by the apRjication of the results in practical life. 3. From a methodical point of view, the extension of the experimentál tendency. 4. Projecting the results gained through experimentation into natural conditions, partly to control the extent of their validity, partly to make it possible for humán activities to control the natural processes in order to achieve certain aims. 5. The intricate nature of the processes of biological production are shown in the infinite variety of the detailed problems, as well as in the extension of the connection of 'hydrobiology into other related branches of learning. 6. Through the thorough study of the bacterial side of the life within the water basin, a new and weighty chapter has been added to hydrobiology. The results of Soviet hydrobiology throw light upon a few of our own current deflciencies in hydrobiology. These are: 1. Stressing the necessity for using algal cuitures in solving physiological and ecologica] problems through which a theory of biological production might be attempted. 2. The necessity for finding connections between hydrobiology and microbiology, in order to study the processes and signflcances of bacterial life in the water. 3. In studying the aquatic life of animals, physiological and ecological tendencies should be emphasized. Untersuchung der Durchsickerung unter Wasserbauten auf inhomogénen Bődén von G. öllős Bei der Erforschung der Durchsickerung unter Wasserbauten wird der Boden in Hinsicht auf die Sicherungserscheinungen zumeist als isotrop betrachtet. In den meisten praktischen Fállen aber ist der Boden injiomogen, daher wird das Strömungsbild u. a. auch noch durch die Veranderlichkeit der Durchlassigkeitszahl beeinflusst. Infolge der mathematischen Schwierigkeiten habén bei Sickerungen durch inhomogéné Boden die Modellversuche grosse Bedeutung. Bei den Untersuchungen am Lehrstuhl I. für Wasserbau der Bautechnischen Vniversitát zu Budapest wurden im Strömungsraum Bodenschichten von verschiedener Durchlassigkeit eingebracht. Innerhalb der einzelnen Schichten aber hatte die Durchlassigkeitsziffer denselben Wert. Im Laufe der Versuche wurden die Wirkung der Bettsohlenverlandung vor dem Bauwerk, sowie die Sickervorgánge bei zwei und vier waagerechten Schichten, bezw. bei schráger oder keilartiger Schichtung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden teils miteinander, teils mit den Versuchsergebnissen in homogenen Böden verglichen. Die Versuchsergebnisse sind nach den folgenden Gesichtspunkten zusammengefasst: 1. Potentialverteilungen, 2. Austrittsgradienten, 3. Form der Stromlinien, 4. Sickergeschwindigkeiten, 5. Sickerwassermengen. i