Hidrológiai Közlöny 1948 (28. évfolyam)

ÉRTEKEZÉSEK - JAKUCS LÁSZLÓ: A hévforrásos barlangkeletkezés földtani és fizikai tényezői

XXVIII. évf. Í9J)S. J—/,. szám.. HIDROLÓGIAI KÖZLÖNY 5? hitherto known in the Transdanubiaii Central Mountains, wells of Zámoly, Gánt, Csór, Tatatóváros, Dunaalmás, Esztergom, the warm springs of the baths of Héviz, Pünkösdfürdő, Békásmegyer, of Rómaifürdö and Csillagfürdö, Budapest — belong to this type. On basis of the similar chemical composition and the gradual variation of the altitudes of the water table it was supposed that the Karst water forms a singular continuous system in the whole of the Transdanubian Central Mountains. It has been found, that the huge Karst Water system is tapped along two principal lines: in the North along the Danube, in the south by the Lake Balaton. Minor tappings, however are apparent all around and become apparent in a circle of ponds and marshes surrounding the Central Mountain range. Author found that the Karst Water table gradually passes into the artesian water table of the surrounding flat or hilly region built up of young clayey and sandy sediments. There is, at least locally, an organic contact between the Karst Water and the Artesian Waters of the young clayey-sandy formations.This assumptions were proved afterwards by the oil explorations in the Zala fields and have been developed also by other researchers, especially by F. Homsitzky. In the course of these researches the Author designed a first sketch of contour map of the Karst Water of the Transdanubian Central Mountains in 1940 on basis of 40—50 gaugings and of the interpretation of topographic conditions (Fig. 1.)*. Already this map shows the oval shaped, elonged dome structure of the Karst Water table with three bays: one at the Tapolca marshes, another directed from the Mór Valley toward the Bakonycsernye Dudar Basin, a third at the Bicske basin. It is further visible that the water table does not culminate in the Bakony Forest proper, but W-of it in the group of the Kőris Hills. At that time the possibility of plotting a contour map of the Karst Water was still theoretically in opposition to the prevailing conceptions of Karst Hydrology. Many Hungarian and foreign hydrologists denied the existence of a coherent Karst Water table in opposition to Grund's conception and.was inclined to accept the opinion of Lehmann

— Keilhack (referring to Katzer) according to which even near sections of the Karst water are generally not in contact with one another, or if so, there are great differences of altitude _ among them. The Author's opinion was however that for desp Karsts, as found in the Transdanubian Central Mountains, Grund's conception is more valid, whereas shallow Karsts are more adequately characterised by that of Katzer

—

Lehmann. In shallow Karsts coherent water tables are less likely to occur. Several new papers have since been published'

1 upon the Transdanubian Karst water and newer data on the coherence of the Karst Water table in the Transdanubian Central Mountains have proved the possibility of the mapping of it. Turbulent times have since prohibited the publication of this map and of the conception of the Author. After the war the Karst Water problem has gained Session of the Hydrological Section on March 26. 1941. H>drology of Keszthely Hills and of Iléviz (Hungarian Text and German Summary). Some Problems of t.he Karst Water of the Transdanubian Mountains. Vol: XXI. 1941 of this periodical. See also: Die Darstellung der Wasseranaly.sen und die Haupttypen der ungarischen Wässer. This periodical, vol. XXVII. (1947.). pn. 140—145. _ 3 Of later works have to be pointed out: the paper of F. Papjj giving a huge number of new data, studies of Gy. Kertai. engineering studies on fighting water danger in mining operations of 8. Schmidt. B. Pogány. M. Vendl. P. Esztó. A. Tárczy-Hornoch. B. Varga. I.. Székeli' and the paper of F. Horusitzky clearing nomenclature. * Fig 1. is found on page 3. in the Hungarian text. importance also through mining operations extended in new water-logged zones. Professors of the Mining Department of the Sopron Faculty of the Technical University in conformity with colliery engineers thought it necessary to entrust a full time specialist with collecting and working up the ever increasing data. Encouraged by Professor Esztó, Mining Engineer F. Kassai undertook the collection and working up of data hitherto available. He was given the Author's first Karst Water contour map for completion with later data and detailed design. He had already about 300 gauge data at disposal, and he extended the contour map of the water table across the border region of younger sediments down to the Mecsek Mountains in the SW. On this newer detailed map (Fig. 2.)** the huge Karst Water table of lenticular oval shape vaulting up between the Keszthely Hills and the Vác Danube elbow is again visible with its three bays. The two northern bays are particularly striking. Mr. Kassai pointed out that the bay of Bicske, connected to the notch of Általér on the other flank of the mountain range, entirely separates the culmination of the water table of the PilisGerecse Mountains from that of the Vértes-Bakony Mountains. The highest culmination can be recognized along a N-S crest leading over Városlöd where the 300 m. contour has been drawn on the map. Mr. Kassai thinks it possible that W-of the Vértes there is another 300 m. high culmination in the environs of Pusztavám. In the Sümeg region a probable third lower culmination is shown in dotted line. On the whole, the newer data have shown altitudes of the Karst Water table to be generally higher than it was presumed in the first sketch. This is especially striking in the region of the Balaton Uplands where data were very scarce when the first sketch was drawn. On the new map the strong influence of topography upon the Karst Water table is shown in detail. This is also manifest in the assymmetry of the Karst Water Table: the water table slopes on the SE flank of the Central Mountains more steeply than on the SW side. Mr. Kassai's researches have not indicated the presence of any independent higher Karst Water tables above the principal (deep) Karst Water horizon, that is, all occurrences of Karst Water hitherto known belong to a unique system, to that of the Deep Karst. Independent, higher Karstic water tables can only be expected where the calcareous roks contain horizontal or basin-shaped interstratifications of nonpermeable strata. The new map also proves the correctnes of the supposition developed by the Author in 1941, that the Karst water table continues in the so called Artesian Water table of the surrounding younger sediments. The Karst Water of the Transdanubian Central Mountains is connected thus along the 110-120 m. contours of the Baranya- Tolna Plain to the Karst water table of the Mecsek Mountains which rises above 240 m. Mr. Kassai succeded to prove the existence of a unitary Karst Water table in the Mecsek Mountains as well upon survey data of Prof. Vadász and to draw the contours thereof. Mr. Kassai has published a paper on this subject and of his findings the following are mentioned here: Along isohietes, or lines of equal precipitation, altitudes of the Karst Water table are mostly constant, excepting areas near the Danube as erosion basis. This relation** Fig. 2 corresponds to fig. 3 of the paper ol' Mr. Kassai and is found on p. 17.