Vörös A. szerk.: Fragmenta Mineralogica Et Palaentologica 11. 1983. (Budapest, 1983)

Troglodytidae (Plate I, Fig. 12; Plate X, Fig. 5) The only Old-World representative of this otherwise quite New-World family, the Common wren. Troglodytes troglodytes shows very distinct morphological features among the European Passeriformes. We can reaffirm in this place the characterisation of the humerus given in the taxonomical key (No. 12 (11)] : both fossae absolutely reduced, the whole bone elongated, crista pectoralis short, processus supracondyloideus week. The measurements express the lightly built habit: length 12.2 proximal width 3.8, distal width 3. 2, width of diaphysis 1. 1 mm. Cinclidae (Plate I, Fig. 9; Plate V, Fig. 3) In the ornithological literature the often substantiated opinion about the close relationship between the dippers and wrens (Cinclidae and Troglodytidae) is not supported by the morphology of the humerus. The special position of this systematical unit shows its distinct place in the taxonomical key [_No. 20 (21)]. The humerus of this species is robust, as in Bombycilla garrulus, differing from the latter one (in foreshortened view) in the special form of the fossa tricipitalis, the reduced tuberculum ventrale, the flatter fossa pneumoanconaea and the shallower fossa musculi brachialis distally. Fringillidae s. 1. (Plate I, Fig. 4; Plate VI, Fig. 1; Plate XI ) As discussed in the course of the description of the humerus of Motacillidae, the corresponding bone of this family differs from other very distinct osteological characters (e. g. the shortness of tarsometatarsus) only in subtle morphological details from the former one. Both are therefore ranged with No. 8 (5) of the taxonomical key. I refer in this place to the note of BALLMANN (1973), as well as the description of the family Motacillidae in this paper. Among all features the most outstanding is its shorter habitus, with proximally and distally broadened epiphyses. Considering that the family contains a considerable number of genera and species morphologically very close one to another, I give in this place a key for distinction of the genera: 1 (10) Crista lateralis longer, medial bar well developed. 2 ( 7) Medial bar forming a prominent wall, with a thickened margin. Considering the fact that the humeri of Fringillidae in the classical sense (incl. Emberizidae/Emberizinae and Passeridae/Ploceidae) are to high degree morphologically homogenous, - I discuss them therefore on this place together. PLATE VIII. Fig. 1. Sturnus vulgaris - Fig, 2. Turdus iliacus - Fig. 3. Pinicola enucleator - Fig. 4. Monticola saxatilis - Fig. 5. Turdus pilaris - Fig. 6. Turdus torquatus - Fig. 7. Turdus viscivorus - Fig. 8. Pinicola enucleator - Fig. 9. Monticola saxatilis - Fig. 10. Pinicola enucleator - Fig. 11. Turdus iliacus (Fig. 1-4: medial (caudal) view; Fig. 5-9: foreshortened view of medial (caudal) side of the proximal epiphysis; Fig. 10-11; ventral view of the proximal epiphysis)