Vörös A. szerk.: Fragmenta Mineralogica Et Palaentologica 11. 1983. (Budapest, 1983)

Among all, Anthus campestris is the most distinct by the Pneumatisation (or at least the tendency for it) in both i the fossa tricipitalis and pneumo-anconea of the humerus. Due to this feature the inner contour of the crus ventrale appears often as sharp as in Fingillidae ! I found this character in all the four specimens available, originating from different populations of Hungary. Length of the bone 19.7-21.8 mm, prox. width 5.7-7.0 mm, dist. width. 4. 4-4. 6 mm. The distinction among the other species of the region in question seems to be not quite unambiguous. Anthus cervinus and A. pratensis are rather smaller (length of humerus 18.8-19.6 mm (n=5)). In foreshortened view from distal side the crus dorsale and ventrale fossae seems to be in A_. cervinus nearly parallel, in A. pratensis they enclose a narrow angle. In both species the fossa tricipitalis is deep, narrow, the sheet of crus dorsale fossae quite reduced. Anthus spinoletta and A. triviális are somewhat larger (length 19.8-21.0 mm, n=5), fossa tricipitalis is broader, the sheet of crus dorsale fossae less reduced. In A. tri vi a- lis the proximal epiphysis seems to be larger, the crista pectoralis shorter than in the other species. Passing over to the genus Motacilla it is worthy of mention that in my comparative material Motacilla alba has the absolutely largest humerus (length 18. 6-20. 5 mm, n=5). In this species the fossa pneumo-anconea is broader, the fossa tricipitalis relatively narrower. The tendency for composition of foramina pneumatica is observable (!) The corresponding bones of Motacilla cinerea and M. flava are rather smaller (17.0-18.2 mm, n = 2+4). In M. cinerea the'fossa pneumo-anconea is the narrowest, with a small, deep depression, fossa tricipitalis relatively broader. In M_. flava the relations are somewhat different: the fossa pneumo-anconea is broader, f. tricipitalis narrower. Bombycillidae (Plate V, Fig. 2 and 8) The single species of the family is Bombycilla garrulus in this region. The humerus of this form is robust, seemingly "inflated", in the whole pneumatic. The robustness is expressed by measurements of the bone, length 23. 7, prox. width. 7. 9, distal width 6.5 and width of the diaphysis 2.4 mm. In caudal view, proximally from the caput humeri (in the field of the reduced fossa tricipitalis) there is a strong longitudinal fold, well developed, pneumaticity of the fossa pneumo-anconea may be seen only from (distal) foreshortened view. In middle part of proximal third of bone (caudal surface) a weekly developed ridge (as against Cinclus, in which this ridge strong), distally processus supracondyloideus (dorsalis) strong, dorsally widened (as against Alaudidae), crista pectoralis short. The bone differs from those of the morphologically close forms of Central Europe among others in the following: Cinclus with a special depresson in the fossa tricipitalis, Lanius and Oriolus with a longer crista pectoralis, Alaudidae with (besides the mentioned reduced proc. supracondyloideus) a shallower, but similarly pneumatized fossa pneumoanconea. PLATE II. Fig. 1. Melanocorypha calandra - Fig. 2. Calandrella brachydactyla - Fig. 3. Alauda arvensis - Fig. 4. Lullula arborea - Fig. 5. Eremophila alpestris - Fig. 6. Galerida cristata - Fig. 7. Alauda arvensis - Fig. 8. Lullula arborea - Fig. 9. Galerida cristata - Fig. 10. Eremophila alpestris - (Fig. 1-2. in medial view, Fig. 3,4,9 and 10; foreshortened view of medial side of the proximal epiphysis; Fig. 5-8: dorsal view of the proximal epiphysis)