Dr. Nagy I. Zoltán szerk.: Fragmenta Mineralogica Et Palaentologica 9. 1979. (Budapest, 1979)
does not differ significantly from the Middle Pliocene populations studied, however, there are significant differences to them in cross-section width of upper canine. In every respect the nearest population is that from Kövesvárad. The animals from Uppony and Tarkő are close together in this feature. The former is significantly different from all recent populations in cross-section width of upper C. In C length the differences are not so sharp. Among the recent populations of Rh. ferrumequinum , the one from the northern part of Hungary has the lowest values (same as in the majority of the characters studied) and in most cases its measurements are significantly smaller too. The same is true again for the small series from Haditha, Iraq, Apart from the size differences of the upper canine, some morphological features are also worth to note. While the cross-section length clearly connected with the degree of reduction of dentition, the form of the extero-posterior cingulum is a fine indication of the evolutionary stage. In all Miocene and Pliocene forms there is no concavity or pression of P 2 , but rather, a convexity or this part of the tooth is more or less swollen. Some trace of a pression may occure in Lower Pleistocene populations, or the extero-posterior cingulum is straighter here, observed from occlusal view. With the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene Uppony, the shape of upper C becomes modern and in almost all cases with extero-posterior pression which means as well the full extrusion of P 2 from the tooth-row. The same is the case in recent animals of the ferrumequinum group. Another morphological feature is the developmental stage of the talon in upper C. The talon is highly developed and more or less well extended postero-interiorly in Pliocene forms. There is narrow cingulum on outer margin "f Miocene form (Csákvár), or thick one in animals from Osztramos Loc. 9. During the Lower Pleistocene the extended talon of upper C remained a permanent feature and the postero-internal margin of the teeth showed strong sinuation. Beginning with the Middle Pleistocene the talon of C practically will be the same as in recent European populations. The protrusion of apex in upper C in Rh. macrorhinus was pointed out in my previous paper (TOPÁL, 1963). This is a common feature of all populations before the Middle Pleistocene. Upper C-P 4 row length. (Figure 8A and table 3). Because of the fragmentary state of the fossil materials it is less useful, however, interesting for considerations. Rh. csak varensis on one hand and specimens from Osztramos Loc. 7 as well as from Osztramos Loc. 3 on the other, are very similar in this measurement. Curiously enough, the populations of Podlesice and Osztramos 9 are significantly different, whilest the single specimen from Osztramos Loc. 1 c and Rh. macrorhinus are near the latter. The Osztramos Loc. 8 population does not differ significantly from Uppony material, however, its mean is significantly greater than that of Tarkő specimens and those of all recent animals. Besides, equals with the Kashmir Rh. f. proximus and Rh. f. mikadoi from Japan. Again, the recent northern population of the Carpathian Basin significantly smaller than that from the South. In this row length, the cross-section length of C, the development and the size of P^are equally important components. P 2 length and width (see, figures 1:1,2; 5: C, D and table 1). From long time accepted in the study of evolution of Chiroptera that the developmental stage of small premolars is one of the best markers of the evolutionary degree. This is well seen in the upper P 2 too, also in this case. Regarding the length of this small tooth- unfortunately lost in many specimens of fossil materials - easy to see on the diagram (figure 5: C) the major trend of change. Among the Miocene and Pliocene populations studied, the few specimens of Rh. csak varen sis are somewhat - however not significantly - longer than those from Podlesice. The others are even more similar to the Podlesice form, decreasing in length, and so, the smallest Upper Pliocene form from Osztramos Loc. 7 does not differ significantly. There is a significant difference between Podlesice an the Lower Pleistocene Osztramos Loc. 8 materials. The latter being not different from the younger Uppony form. From then, up to the present times, there was no major change in this respect, except in Tarkő animals, which had the shortest P 2 . In this feature there are no any essential differences among the recent populations studied. The width of P 2 deserves more uniformity among the Miocene and Pliocene populations. Although there is no difference between Rh. csakvarensis and the Podlesice species, the differences between means of Podlesice and Csarnóta, as well as those of Podlesice and Osztramos Loc. 7 specimens are significant. The species Rh. macrorhinus generally well fits to the Pliocene from s and populations as regards P 2 lengths and width. The Lower Pleistocene form of Osztramos Loc. 8 in this respect is significantly smaller, with P 2 narrower than that of all Pliocene populations except Osztramos Loc. 7, and on the other hand it has significantly wider P 2 than the other Pleistocene forms studied. The Uppony and t>4
