S. Mahunka szerk.: Folia Entomologica Hungarica 64. (Budapest, 2003)

Lateral pronolal carina present; pronotum with sharp angles in dorsal view (Figs 3I-J); Fl usually more than 2.0 times as long as pedicel (Figs 3E-H); radial cell 2.0-2.5 times as long as broad; male with 14-segmented antenna 2 2. Scutum with strong interrupted and sharp transverse rugae (Fig. 31); 2+3 fused tergites with punctate patch dorso-posteriorly; antenna uniformly broad (Figs 3G-H); robust specimens, 2.0-3.0 mm S. undulatus (Mayr, 1872) - Scutum with weak interrupted transverse rugae (Fig. 3J); 2+3 fused tergites posteriorly not punctate; antenna slightly broadened in distal half (Figs 3E-F); small specimens, 1.0-1.3 mm S. haimi (Mayr, 1872) Based on their biology of Saphonecrus species can be divided into three groups as it was showed by Pujade-Villar & Nieves-Aldrey (1990). The first one includes species with one annual generation, and associated with galls on deciduous oaks of the Leptobalanus subgenus, section Quercus; the second one, also univoltine, is associated with galls on oaks from the Leptobalanus subgenus, section Cerris; and finally the third group, with some Mediterranean species, with bivoltine life cycles, is associated with galls on evergreen oaks and not represented in the Hungarian fauna. Five species of Saphonecrus were described from Eastern Palaearctic: S. excisas (Kieffer, 1904) from Bengali (Kurseong), reared from Neuroterus haasi Kieffer, 1904 on Q. spicata (Kieffer 1904); two species, S. serratus Weld, 1926 and S. areolatus Weld, 1926 were described from Philippines (Luzon Island) (Weld 1926); S. sinicus Belizin, 1968 from China, Sechuan and S. diversus Belizin, 1968 from Russia, Primorskij Kraj (Belizin 1968). Below, Saphonecrus species known from the Hungarian fauna are listed. Saphonecrus connatus (Hartig, 1840) Synonyms - Synergus connatus Hartig, 1840, Sapholitus connatus: Mayr 1872, Saphonecrus connatus: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910, Saphonecrus connatus tuteipes Tavares, 1920 (synonym in Pujade-Villar & Nieves-Aldrey 1990). Biology - Reared from galls associated with oaks of the Quercus section; attacks some Andricus species and galls of Callirhytis glandium (Giraud, 1859) [b], Cynips quercusfolii (Linnaeus, 1758) [aj, Neuroterus anthracinus (Curtis, 1838) [aj, and N. quercusbaccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) [b]. Hosts recorded from Hungary - (*) Aphelonyx cerricola [aj. Distribution - Probably throughout the Western Palaearctic. Known from AD, AT, ES, DE, DK, FR, GB, HU (new record), IT, PL, PT and SE. Saphonecrus haimi (Mayr, 1872) - Synonyms - Sapholitus haimi Mayr, 1872, Saphonecrus haimi: Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910, Synergus clavatus Giraud in Houard, 1911 (synonym in PujadeVillar & Ros-Farré 1998/?), S. haymi: Pujade-Villar & Nieves-Aldrey 1990 (transcription error). Folia ent. Innig. 64, 2003