S. Mahunka szerk.: Folia Entomologica Hungarica 59. (Budapest, 1998)

Western boundaries of the areas of expansive elements of the Siberian faunistic type (s.l.) fit along the winter isothermas, southern and south-western boundaries of them tend to the boundary of the the Mediterranean climatic zone (Adamovic line) and to the southern boundary of steppe zone, while the northern boundaries of the Mediterranean elements are determined by the summer isothermas. Therefore, the Orthoptera fauna of the Carpathian Basin originates from ( 1 ) tropical Tertiary arboreal species (in wider sense) as autochthonous elements, (2) species of Uvarov'

s Angara fauna as primary immigrant elements, (3) refuge elements coming from an ensemble of autochthonous elements were survived in glacial refuges and secondary immigrant species, (4) so called extra-Mediterranean elements, which apparently lost their Mediterranean connections (Maliczky et al. 1983) and (5) endemic elements. Accordingly, most of the Orthoptera species belong to some major Arboreal centres - the Mediterranean, the Ponto-Caspian and the Siberian major refuges. In the case of the last one, the Angara refuge is of great importance (Rácz 1993). The Oreal is represented by Mediterranean xero-mountainous, dealpinic, mountainous and Inner-Asian xero-mountainous types. Among the Eremial centres, the Iranian, the Irano-Turkestanian and the Afro-eremial refuges are important. The African (Ethiopian) elements represent another type (Table 2). Table 2. Arboreal and non-Arboreal spreading centres of Orthoptera of Carpathian Basin (Rácz 1993,1998) Arboreal Non-Arboreal Oreal Eremial Mediterranean 29 species (Phaneroptera nana) ExtraMediterranean (Pholidoptera aptera) Mediterranean xero-mountain 1 species (Paracolptenus caloptenoides) Iranian 1 species (Dociostaurus maroccanus) Endemic (Pholidoptera transsylvanica) Ponto-Caspian 16 species (Tettigonia caudata) Alpine 1 species (Miramella alpina) Iranian Turkestanian 1 species (Calliptamus barbants) Siberian (s.l.) 41 species Inner-Asian xero-mountain 4 species (Celés variabilis) Angarian 26 species (Arcyptera fusca) Ethiopian 3 species (Acrida hungarica) Ethiopian 2 species (Acrotylus insubricus) Studies on Palaearctic Lepidoptera fauna (Varga 1975, 1977, 1981), on Noctuida fauna of Hungary (Varga and Gyulai I. 1978) and on Orthoptera fauna of the Bakony Mountains (Rácz 1979) show similar conclusions. Studying the Ensifera and Caelifera groups separately, partly similar result can be reached (Fig. 1). As Figure 1 show, the relative balanced ratio of Mediterranean and Siberian elements comes from two different components. The higher ratio of Mediterranean type in the Ensifera group is a result of an ecological and historical factor. On the one hand, greater part of Ensifera species is attached to wooded-and-bushy area (see: Mediterranean arboreal refuge), e.g. Pholidoptera, Pachytrachys, Rhacocleis species, on the other hand, important diverse centres of abundant genera (Isophya, Pholidoptera) may be found just near the Carpathian Basin, mainly in the SE Carpathians and in the Balkan Peninsula. The significantly greater presence of the