Folia archeologica 47.

István Vörös: A Denevér úti kovabánya agancsleletei (Budapest-Farkasrét)

ANTLER FINDS IN THE. FLINT MINE 93 optimum form every unrequired part which might hinder the use of the tool should be removed from the antler. The morphological characteristics of the antler part determine the form of the tool while traces of use/working help to determine the function of it. The socalled cut/carving marks on antler parts, antler tools originated from cutting up have nothing to do with the function of the antler, they are the attributes belonging to the cutting up technique. E.g. cut off tine must not be regarded as a tool just because there are traces of carving on its basis. Considering the above-mentioned in the Denevér street flint mine there are 19 antler beams and 10 tines (Fig. 11.) which can be regarded as tools, that is on these pieces can be seen traces of use originated from their utilization as an implement. On the basis of their worn, damaged surface caused by knocking they can be regarded as knocking (hammering) tools; they are typical mining implements. Hammering tools 1. Maul Made of antler beam - 3 pieces The antler beam was cut off either below the crown (A1.-67, 107., Fig. 11. 1) or below the trez tine (A3.-66., Fig. 11. 2). The shaft of the tool is the beam, its length 450, 380 and 180 mm. The main tines are truncated either at their lowest part or "in the middle". The posterior walls of the rose and of the burr are heavily worn. Made ofbeem and upper parts of the stem - 4 pieces The beam is cut off below the trez tine. The trez tine and crown tines are truncated. The working surface is either on the posterior wall (D 1.-87, 140., Fig. 11. 3) or it has a lateral position (D 1 .-86., Fig. 11. 4) at the height of the trez tine. The shaft of the tool is tne upper part of the middle, its length 270, 220 and 280 mm. The beam is cut off below the trez tine and below the crown-ramification (C

1.-173., Fig. 11.5). The shaft of the tool is the upper part of the beam, its length is 265 mm. The working surface is the posterior wall of the beem. From the upper part of the beam - 1 piece The beam is cut off over the trez tine and below the crown ramification (C3. - Sz.4.). Its length 280 mm. The working surface is the posterior wall of the stem. From the upper part of the beam and crown tine - 7 pieces Th beam is cut off over the trez tine (D2.-34, 72, 123, 170., Fig. 11. 6) or below the crown ramification (D2.-78, 89, 164., Fig. 11.7). The working surface is on the posterior wall of the beam or of the basis of the crown. 2. Hammer - 3 pieces Made of tne short fragment of the middle part of the beam (C

1 .-53, 156; Sc.f. 3., Fig. 11. 9). The shaft of the hammer is the trez tine the length of which is 236, 270 and 350 mm. The length of the head of the hammer is 80, 80 and 125 mm. The working surface is the lower and upper kerf of the beam. 3 'Hammering tools " made of tines In some main and crown tines, too, there are working surfaces suggesting that the pieces were used as hammering tools. They are on the lower ramification of crown tine (E. 166., Fig. 11. 6): length 300 mm: in four cases on the lateral parts of bases of tines (F1.-172., 1.: 300 mm; F2.-48., 1.: 270 mm; F4.1.-151., 1.: 290 mm; F4.2.-165., 1.: 295 mm; Fig. 10.10) in: two cases on the upper sides of bases