Folia archeologica 47.
Csongrádiné Balogh Éva: Tipológiai és traszeológiai vizsgálatok rézkori és bronzkori pattintott kőeszközökön
40 CSONGRÁDINÉ BALOGH ÉVA manufacture. Comparative studies of microwear on functionally damaged tools and on a greater quantity of burins would certainly help to solve this problem. 5 6 To sum up we may state that more than half of the 34 Bronze Age chipped stone tools studied by Brian Adams was used to cut plant parts. As compared with the small quantity of the analyzed tools, the number of those implements which no traces of use were visible on, is quite great. It is interesting all the more because they in fact belong to those types which were used to cut plant parts. On the analyzed arrowheads damages well visible appear (Fig. 5). The overwhelming paet of the studied Bronze Age material derived from the surface at the site Bia-Öreghegy, therefore neither the possibility of some subsequent damages nor chronological uncertainties of the scattered finds must be excluded. Microwear analyses were made only on those pieces of the Bia material which I hypothetically accepted as Bronze Age tools (Fig. 6). 3. Summery The author had invited the American archeologist, Brian Adams, 5 7 to make some microwear studies on certain Copper Age and Bronze Age chipped stone tools which were collected during a project started at the beginning of the ninties. 58 During his studies Brian Adams used to follow Lawrence Kelley's method. 5 9 In this paper I presented his descriptions on the studied pieces together with the typological determinations made by myself. 6 0 The typological and functional determination of stone tools is highly problematic all over the prehistory since the typological "conservativism" of chipped stone tools and the conscious selection of their raw material had important role even during the Metal ages. This can be explained obviously by the fact that stone tools manufactured from the Paleolithic on remained the most suitable ones for certain functions even during later times. The most frequently used raw material of those chipped stone tools which can be found in Paleolithic and Prehistoric sites in a large quantity is the s.l. flint, which on the Mohl-scale reaches the seventh degree of hardness. It is worth mention that the hardness of steel used nowadays is 5-8,5. 6 1 Though almost all natural raw materials could be manufactured by stone tools, during the Metal Ages their use decreased. However, certain types among Copper Age and Bronze Age chipped stone tools prove the knowledge of the ancient technology and its handing down. According to the idea of the archeologist Katalin Simán this technological knowledge "...does not mean either some individual isolated activity, or some trained manufacturing process but refers to the existence of a well organized social system, which besides tne purpose and the selection of the raw material and the final products, includes also all the experiences and preconceptions of the tool-maker as well as the demands and requirements raised by the user." That is technology "refers also to the adaptability ana innovative capacity of a given society." 6 2 It would be misleading to draw far-reaching consequences from studies made on these Copper Age and Bronze Age chipped stone tools because this small quantity is insufficient for statistical evaluations. At the same time it is an unquestionable advantage of microwear studies that they can give a factual proof of the use and 5 6 Brain Adams' opinion on the relations of traces created by intentional manufacture of burins and of those ones which are created by impact and are similar to the ones left after burin preparation. 5 7 Brian Adams, Ph.D. canditate; Anthropology Department University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801 5 S Csongrádiné Balogh 1993, manuscript 5 9 Bácskay 1995, manuscript 6 0 Here I should like to express my thanks Brian Adams for analyzing the material. 6 1 Homola 1998, manuscript 6 2 Simán 1995, manuscript
