Folia archeologica 32.

T. Dobosi Viola: Őskori telepek Boldogkőváralja környékén - Gyarmati Pál: A boldogkőváraljai régészeti anyag kőzettani vizsgálata. Függelék

60 I. VÖRÖS In the Holocene the "A. hydruntinus" could get into Europe along two routes, namely going around the Carpathians or via the Lower Danube. In the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic either of these routes is traceable. In the Late Neolithic both routes are possible. It is worth of consideration that measurements of the astragalus and calcaneus bones

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5 of the Late Neolithic wild horse described from Grossörner (Middle Germany) fall within the range of those of "A. hydruntinus". The Post-Pleistocene Equus (Asinus) hydruntinus of Southern Spain can be faunistically connected with NW-Africa.

e

e The measurements of these animals are usually smaller than those of Eastern European ones. The disappearance of "A. hydruntinus ' ' from the wild fauna of the Carpathian Basin after the Neolithic period could be connected partly with the change of climate which was unfavourable for it and partly with the appearance of greater mass of wild horses. During the Eneolithic the temperature fell below 16 C° and the humidity increased again.

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7 Equus ferus gmelini (Antonius 1912) In Hungary 55 pieces of wild horse bones were found from 18 sites. The Neolithic horses found in Hungary are wild ones.

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8 The wild horses of the Carpathian Basin can be identified with the Eastern European Equus ferus gmelini (Antonius 1912) species. Recently the existence of Neolithic wild horses in Hungary is denied by S. Bökönyi.

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9 In European the remains of wild horses came to light till now from 57 Mesolithic sites.

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0 On the basis of the data available the faunal dominance of Mesolithic horses shows the following interesting picture: the dominent occurrence of wild horses can be found in Western Europe (in France);

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1 they occur subdominantly in the Mediterranean region (Iberian peninsula, Apennine peninsula) and N-NE Europe (Denmark, Eastern Baltic countries). It appears 6

5 Müller

, H. H., Die Haustiere der mitteldeutschen Bandkeramiker. Schriften d. Sektion f. Vor-u. Frühgesch. d. Dt. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin 17. (Berlin 1964) 96—. 6

e Boessneck, ]., Was weiss man von den Alluvial vorgeschichtlichen Equiden der Iberischen Halbinsel. In: Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Haustiere. (Budapest 1973) 280—. ; Uerpmann, H. P., Equus (Equus) caballus und Equus (Asinus) hydruntinus im Postpleistozän der Iberischen Halbinsel (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Säugetierkdl. Mitt. 24(1976) 206—218. e

7 Kordos, L., loc. cit. 6

8 Bökönyi, S., Acta Arch. Hung. 11(1959) 79., 88. r,

a Id., AgrSzl 10(1968) 296.; Id., The development and history of domestic animals in Hungary: The Neolithic through the Middle Ages. AmAnthr 73(1971) 643.; Id., History. . . 233.; Id., AgrSzl 19(1977) 20.; Id., The earliest waves of domestic horses in East Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 6(1978) 21. 7

0 Gromova, V., Istorija losadej (roda Equus) v starom svete. I. Trudy Paleont. Inst. 17(1949) 196.; Jarman, M. R., loc. cit.; Ro%oj, J. G., Les derniers chasseurs. L'Epipaléolithique en France et en Belgique. I. Bull. Soc. Arch. Champenoise 1(1978) 142., 212., 277., 281—.; Paaver, A., Formirovanie teriofauny i izmencivost' mlekopitajusih Pribaltiki v golocene. (Tartu 1965) 178—194. 7

1 The expansion range of Upper Pleistocene horses show also a SW-W-European centre on dominance. Kret^oi, M., Földr. Közi. 101(1977) 75—89.