Fogorvosi szemle, 2012 (105. évfolyam, 1-4. szám)
2012-09-01 / 3. szám
111 FOGORVOSI SZEMLE ■ 105. évf. 3. sz. 2012. 13. Lanza DC: Diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2004; 193: 10-14. 14. Law IDB, Berg M, Fosdick LS: Chemical studies in periodontal disease. J D Res 1943; 22: 373. 15. Lu DP: Halitosis: An étiologie classification, a treatment approach, and prevention. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1982; 54: 521-526. 16. Meningaud JP, Bado F, Favre E, Bertrand JC, Guilbert F: Halitosis. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 1999; 100: 240-244. 17. Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T: Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 1995; 66: 679-684. 18. Miyazaki H, Arao M, Okamura K, Kawaguchi Y, Toyofuku A, Hoshi K, Yaegaki K. Tentative classification of halitosis and its treatment needs. Niigata Dent J 1999; 32: 7-11. 19. Nagel D, Lutz C, Fiuppi A: Halitophobia- an under-recognized clinical picture. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed2006; 116: 57-64. 20. Porter SR, Scully C: Oral malodour (Halitosis). BMJ 2006; 333: 632-635. 21. Raven SJ: The efficacy of a combined zinc and triclosan system in the prevention of oral malodour. In Van Steenberghe D, Rosenberg M (Eds.): Bad breath: a multidisciplinary approach. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1996; 241-254 22. Rosenberg M: Bad breath: research perspectives. Ramat Aviv: Ramot Publishing, Tel Aviv University; 1997. 23. Scully C, el-Maaytah M, Porter SR, Greenman J.: Breath odor: etiopathogenesis, assessment and management. EurJ Oral Sei 1997; 105: 287-293. 24. Spouge JD: Halitosis. A review of its causes and treatment. Dent Pract Dent Rec 1964; 14: 307-317. 25. Sulser GF, Brening RH, Fosdick LS: Some conditions that effect the odor concentration of breath. J Dent Res 1939; 18: 355. 26. Steenberghe VD, Rosenberg M: Bad Breath: a multidisciplinary approach. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1996. 27. Tonzetich J: Direct gas chromatographic analysis of sulphur compounds in mouth air in man. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16: 587-597. 28. Tonzetich J: Oral malodour: an indicator of health status and oral cleanliness. Int Dent J 1973; 28: 309-319. 29. Tonzetich J: Production and origin of oral malodour: A review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 1977; 48: 13-20. 30. Van den Velde S, Nevens F, Van Hee P, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M: GC-MS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients. J Chromatogr B 2008; 875: 344-348. 31. Wigger-Alberti W, Gysen K, Axmann EM, Wilhelm KP: Efficacy of a new mouthrinse formulation on the reduction of oral malodour in vivo. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-week clinical study. Europerio J Clin Periodontol 2009a; 36 (supplement 9): 37. 32. Yaegaki K, Coil JM: Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis. Clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 2000; 66: 257- 261. 33. Yoo SH, Jung HSf, Sohn WS, Kim BH, Ku BH, KimYS, Park SW, Hahm K: Volatile sulfur compounds as a predictor for esophagogastroduodenal mucosal injury. Gut and Liver, 2008; 2: 113-118. Dr. Nagy Á., Dr. Brugoviczky Zs., Dr. Novák P., Dr. Nagy G: Clinical importance and diagnosis of halitosis The origin of halitosis comes from the Latin word „halitus” meaning ‘breath, exhaled air’, and in the Hungarian terminology it means bad and smelly breath. The human body emits a number of volatile molecules, which have a peculiar odour. Their presence is influenced by several factors, such as genetic, nutritional and psychological factors. Since bad breath belongs to taboo subjects, halitosis can often lead to social isolation. To determine the incidence of halitosis, an exact diagnosis is needed which sometimes predestinates the possible treatment as well. Investigators estimate the incidence about 50% in the whole population. The male/female ratio is the same and the incidence is growing with age. The diagnosis can be genuine halitosis, pseudo halitosis and halitophobia. We can divide the genuine type into physiological and pathophysiological subtypes. The cause of the halitosis usually can be found in the oral cavity. The volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) produced by some of the oral bacteria are responsible for its development. Only 10% of the causes are extraoral, mostly inflammation of airways or gastrointestinal disorders. The judgment of halitosis is based on three objective methods: the organoleptic, the sulphide monitoring and the gas cromatography methods. Since the origin of the halitosis is mainly the oral cavity, dentists should treat them. Beyond the dental treatments the enhancement of the oral hygiene, the continuous motivation and monitoring are also very important, such as the use of tongue cleansing and special anti-malodour rinses. Key words: halitosis-diagnosis, halitosis-therapy, bad breath, oral malodour, volatile sulfur compounds (VSC)
