Egyháztörténeti Szemle 15. (2014)
2014 / 3. szám - SUMMARIES IN ENGLISH - Molnár Sándor Károly: A History of the Song Hold the Fort in Hungary - Tóth Krisztina: Lessons of a Meeting of Hungarian Chapters in 1936
Summaries in English 99 The second period reached from 1906 up to 1910. The internal political instability caused the fall of the ruling liberal party, and 1906 the king laid a charge on a coalition to govern, in which Rakovszky's People's Party and Zichy as a member of the new Constitution Party took place as well. These years were remunerative for their ambitions, and the organizing committee reformed the Catholic Assemblies in order to make it more appealing for the masses: they started to organize spectacular processions, events on languages of national minorities, and they intensified the role of the Christian Socialist movement. However, by 1908 the coalition proved to be unable to reach its goals, and the growing unpopularity created new tensions between the old rivals. At the Catholic National Congress held in Szeged in 1909 there was a public row between Zichy and Rakovszky that clearly showed the public the lack of unity of Catholic politicians. After the parliamentary elections held in 1910 the liberals came back to power. The People's Party got into opposition, but János Zichy, as a representative of Catholicism, become Minister for Religion and Education. This made him even more unpopular among the supporters of Rakovszky, so he was being attacked at the last Catholic Congresses of the Dualism. After the fall of the Independence Party, its leader, Albert Ap- ponyi appeared at the Congress in 1910 for the first time. The representation of the Catholic political streams became complete at the Catholic Assemblies. The Congresses should have had to demonstrate the unity of Catholics, but because of their actual diversification, it was surely not wise to give place to direct political manifestations. The acts of Catholic politicians at the Assemblies were directed not by long-term strategies or moral aspects, but by their short-time interests. A History of the Song Hold the Fort in Hungary Molnár, Sándor Károly The significance of cultural transfer is depicted in the reception history of the song, ‘Hold the Fort!’ (‘Fel barátim!”) It represents the merger of the song into Calvinist singing traditions while at the same time it also scrutinizes its contextualization in German and English language areas. The song ‘Hold the Fort!’ and its history in Hungary perfectly illustrates the changes of piety in society which was gradually traceable from the last third of the 19th century. Lessons of a Meeting of Hungarian Chapters in 1936 Tóth, Krisztina An unconventional meeting of the representatives of the Hungarian chapters took place on the 11th October 1936 under the chairmanship of Gyula Glattfelder, the bishop of Csanád. It was convened by the Bench of Bishops following the inquire of the minister of religion and public education - who exercised supreme supervision over the Catholic church properties in the absence of the king of Hungary on the basis of derived law - whether
