Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 3. Eger Journal of English Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 29)

Éva Kovács: Properties of Verbs Which Constitute Phrasal Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS 111 over, through, up, within. Most of them have literal meaning, this can be the reason for their missing from the verbs listed in the Collins Cobuild Dictionary. In accordance with Bolinger (1971 :xii) and Lipka (1972:165), Live also notes that in polysyllabic combinations of foreign origin there is a notable tendency to redundancy, in that the associated particle in many cases reiterates or approximates the original connotation of the prefix. de- 'from' co(n)/syn- 'with' in- 'in'/'on' a(d)- 'to' derive from coalesce with imbed in allude to desist from condole with involve in adhere to deter from comply with indulge in admit to detract from synchronize with infringe on attribute to deflect from sympathize with intrude on aspire to Similarly, provide for, alienate from, refer back, even exhale out, reply back, include (me) in also occur. This tendency to attach a 'superfluous' particle suggests that expansion of a verb constitutes a pattern-habit in English. Lipka (1972:165) notes that certain verbs are said never, or very rarely to occur, without a particle, as, e.g.; those in auction off, jot down, peter out. Live (1965:432) gives some more to this list: tide over, cave in, dole out, balk at, cope with, trifle with, cater to, delve into, dote on. Fraser (1976:9) also mentions that "we find a number of very surprising changes in meaning and co-occurrence restrictions with quite a number of verb-particle combinations whose verb never functions as a verb without the associated particle." Fraser's examples are as follows: ante up, auction off, balloon up, bandy about, barge in, button down, bed down, belly in, bib up, board up, bolster up, booze up, bruit about, buff up, bum up, bung up, bunk up, buttress up, cave in, chicken out, chuck up, clam up, dole out, doll up, egg on, drum up, eke out, fend off, ferret out, fork over, gum up, gun down, hollow out, horse around, jot down, keel over, knuckle under, leech out, limber up, lot out, mete out, mull over, parcel out, pension off, pep up, perk up, peter out, pine away, plank down, rev up, soup up, spice up, spout off, team up, tone down, tool up, true up, trundle off, tucker out, wad up, ward off, well up, while away, wolf down, yoke up.