Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 1998. Vol. 2. Eger Journal of English Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 26)
Studies - Péter Antonyi: Phrasal verbs: a study and its implications for teaching methods
new phrasal verbs. This primarily takes place in slang, science and technical areas. These analogies are often made in a way that the particle remains the same (e.g. hold on, hang on -> wait on - recent American version). Moreover, if someone is told to bog off (go away), s/he will surely manage to understand it properly, without having the faintest idea of what 'bog' means, since the particle bears the main communicative function. There are, of course, counterexamples, in which the particle adds little to the communicative value. In the examples dream on, go on, cry on etc. it seems to be the verb that carries more weight of meaning and the particle only adds the semantic component of continuity. Surprisingly, this very component makes the particle become the more significant part in the synonyms of 'wait' (see earlier examples) since in that case continuity is the most important semantic feature. A most remarkable example from Hungarian is that with yes/no questions an optional way to answer 'yes' to the question is simply repeating the particle; this obviously confirms its communicative priority over the main verb. Let us go back to a previous example to demonstrate this: (1) Péter elvitte a levelet? 'Peter aw ay-took the letter?' Did Peter take away the letter? Answer: Igen ('yes') or El ('away'). 2.1 Richard Side's theory The 'meaning' of the particle, then, might be arrived at by discovering the connections between the environments it occurs in. Let us take a classification of this kind for up after Side: 1 7 Up, being one of the most commonly used particles, is also one of the most complex. Its areas of meaning can be defined as follows: 1 General definition: in an upward direction. Increasing, growing, improving, (or preventing from doing the opposite of these). The first part of this definition may be viewed as more literal, the second part as a more metaphorical extension. Examples would include the following: 1 7 Side 1990 p. 149-150 73
