Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 1991. British and American Philologycal Studies (Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 20)

József Hruby: Two "Last Men in Europe": A. Koestler's Darkness at Noon and G. Ornwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four

Let us add: We hope that in the future mankind will step on the way wisdom, where reason and morality only complement, and not exclude, each other. If so, Arthur Koestler and G. Orwell were the two last men (in Europe) who had to write such novels. NOTES 1. Kundéra, Milan. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting

. London. Penguin Books, 1983.

p. 3. 2. Howe, Irving. Politics and the Novel

. New York: Meridian books, 1957. p. 20. 3. Ibid., p. 232. 4. Orwell, George. "Arthur Koestler." In Arthur Koestler: A collection of Critical Essays, ed. Sperber, Murray. A. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-hall, 1977. p. 17. 5. Howe, Irving. Politics and the Novel. New York: Meridian Books, 1957. p. 236. 6. Ibid., p. 240. 7. Ibid., p. 240. 8. Russell, Bertrand. "George Orwell." In Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. ed. Howe, Irving. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1963. p. 238. 9. For the discussion of satire and parody in Nineteen Eighty-Four seem e.g.: Introduction. In George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Foured. Crick, Bernard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. For the origins of Nineteen Eighty-Four, see: Steifhoff, William. George Orwell and the Origins of 1984. Ann Arbor: Michigan Press, 1975. For the origins of Darkness at Noon, see: Koestler, Arthur. The Invisible Writing. London: The MacMillan Comp. 1969. Ch. XXXVII (p. 478.) 10. Crick, Bernard. "Introduction". In George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four ed. Crick, Bernard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. p. 20. 11. Browne, Harry, "Commentary." In Koestler

, Arthur, Darkness at Noon. London: Longmans, 1968. Pp. 220--22

1. The author is aware of the more complex character of the reasons behind the Trials, but their analyses is beyond the scope of this paper. 12. Koestler, Arthur. Darkness at Noon. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1984. p. 97.