Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 8. Eger Journal of American Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 28)

Studies - András Tarnóc: Violence as Cultural Projection: The Sociological, Psychological, and Epistemological Implications of the Jamestown Massacre

(Hudson http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd/). Openchancanaugh's past sheds light at the sources of the formation of the Negative Identity, as he was always compelled into a secondary role, first the planned execution of John Smith was frustrated by Pocahontas' intervention, second he was not able to acquire the supreme command of the tribe, forced to play second fiddle behind Powhatan, later Opitchipan. Masterminding the brutal attack in fact goes against the tribe's primary policy of maintaining peaceful relations with the settlers. According to Jerrold M. Post, John W. Crayton, and Richard M. Pearlstein's Narcissistic Rage hypothesis terrorist acts, or the proclivity to such violence can be motivated by the presence of the "Grandiose Self' resulting in sociopath, arrogant behavior. Narcissistic injury can lead to a rage aiming at the elimination of the source of the former (Hudson http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd/). In case of Opechancanaugh being ambushed and battered by John Smith qualifies as a narcissistic injury. According to Post the Grandiose Self operates the psychological mechanism of splitting as a narcissistic injury results in a damaged self, in fact a split self, a dual model of me and not me thereby externalizing the less desirable latter part and blaming the enemy. Eric D. Shaw's Personal Pathway Model (1986:365) (Hudson http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd/) can also be helpful. This tripartite structure including early socialization, narcissistic injury and escalatory event can explain Opechancanaugh's progress to violence. The planned execution of John Smith testifies to a violent social environment in childhood and early adulthood, the ambush by Smith later functions as the narcissistic injury and the increasing cultural deterritorialization of Amerindians along with the death of Jack the Feathers operate as an escalatory event. Konrad Lorenz's theory on communal aggression or military enthusiasm appears to be relevant as well. According to his four part theory military enthusiasm is preconditioned on the presence of the following factors: a threatened social unit, the existence of the respective threat, the presence of an inspiring figure, and the occurrence of many individuals agitated by the same emotion (397398) The first requirement is met by the looming cultural deterritorialization of the Amerindians, the coexistence of settlers and Indians on the same land or in the same area satisfies the second 254