Armuth Miklós - Lőrinczi Zsuzsa (szerk.): A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Történeti Campusa (Budapest, 2023)
Az európai egyetemek története - The History of European Universities Kalmár Miklós
1 0 CO z < The centre of education was, however, moved over to Kolozsvár [today: Cluj- Napoca, Romania] by István Báthory. From the 17th century on higher educational institutes were established in several towns of Transylvania. Up until the 18th century, it was only the dimensions, floor-size and number of levels of the university buildings which changed: they typically followed the traditional design of monasteries. The prototypes of academy in the traditional sense originate from 16th-century Italy in the cities of Florence, Naples and Rome. The science academy in the modern sense evolved in France in the 1 7th century. The first ones were founded in German-speaking countries, Spain and the British Isles in the 18th century. The most significant university buildings were built during the Baroque period and as such they were also representatives of absolute sovereignties as symbols of increasing power and authority. A fine example of this is the university of Wroclaw (1728-1763) in Poland. In line with the inherent logic of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, the palatial type is a symmetrical system of several levels based on a functional hierarchy. For the most imposing rooms the separate level called "piano nobile" was reserved, typically on the first storey. The foyer and subordinated rooms of lesser significance were housed on the ground floor, whilst at the top the least important rooms were furnished. This configuration defined the inner hierarchy of public buildings up until the 20th century. The symmetry of the groundplan was reflected by the outer mass, the facade. In the era of Romantic Classicism was the functional design of an ideal university was conceived. Ideal plans by G. B. Piranesi (1750) feature a central composition reflecting the formal relationship of the universe and university. Its concentric system is based on a central circulation space with stairs placed radially and along the arch combined with internal courtyards. The intervals between circular forms and the prism form required by Classicism are filled with complementary functions, such as a theatre, manége, church, chapel, dining hall, imposing art galleries and libraries. The inner circle included students' accommodation, the outer side of the arch featured rooms for educational purposes. On the side of the main entrance the residential quarters of leading authorities were housed. The concept itself reflects a balanced significance of culture (theatre, library, art gallery), arts, religion and science. Although this plan remained in blueprint, it is the very first appearance of the functional ideal of the university for the middle class. In the Late-18th century the middle-class made attempts to radically change building functions whilst consolidating its values. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, who was a lecturer of the Paris-based École Polytechnique from 1795 on, presents a long list in his publications of the examples that later on inspired a variety of standardized responses. The 19th-century universities were born as the synthesis of these two architectural trends and blended the known palatial type with the new idealistic function. After the separation AZ UNIVERSITÄT WIEN ÉPÜLETÉNEK ALAPRAJZA, 1 87 1 -1884 GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF THE UNIVERSITÄT WIEN, 1871-1884
