Prékopa Ágnes (szerk.): Ars Decorativa 31. (Budapest, 2017)
Szabolcs KONDOROSY: Types of Smoking Pipe Widespread in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th Century in Connection with Archaeological Finds from Onetime Várad Cathedral (Budapest Museum of Applied Arts)
shank, and the text ribbon typically replaced by a geometric ribbon.12 Despite its long distance from any sea, the Hódoltság is the only area where this type is ubiquitous in archaeological pipe finds. This tells us that there was widespread independent manufacture in Hungary (because there are very few along the trade route through Bulgaria and the Balkans), and this is borne out by versions that are unique to the area and evolved there. The pipes from Rómer’s excavation in Nagyvárad13 are very similar to the basic type, although most also have features distinctive of the Hódoltság. (Fig. 3) On three of the five pipes, a text band was rolled on to the shank wreath (twice on two of them), the same as is on the shank. Up to now, such positioning is known only on another Várad example, and partially in one from Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrade, Serbia).14 Those with the double wreath text band have impressions of little pine or leaf shaped stamps on the shank faces, as do the pipes from Várad and Nándorfehérvár. The text on these bands is the form most widespread in the Hódoltság-. Liqa al mahbub liqa al qulub (the meeting with the loved one is the meeting of hearts).15 The fourth Várad example is distinctively different, with a thick stepped-ring, thin shank wreath, red material and a completely singular, as-yet undecyphered inscription. Its wreath in particular alludes to Asia Minor Turkish connections (the closest examples being pipes from Hasankeyf). The fifth Várad pipe has a slightly more distant relationship with the basic type: the shank is not so sharply angular, and the place of the text band (and the wreath) is taken up with a running dog motif, a known decorative element on this type.16 Parts of the Liqa... text can also be made out on three shank fragments from Babad- ag, one example from Slava Rusă, one from Silistra and one from Akkerman.17 It does 3. The Várad examples of the keel type pipe 11
