Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Studia historico-anthropologica (Anthropologia Hungarica 18. Budapest, 1983)
According to papers reviewing world-wide materials (CHAMLA 1962-1963; SCHWIDETZKY 1966; GLADKOVA 1966) the frequencies of arches, loops and whorls have following ranges among Europoids 2.3 - 11. 8%, 56. 5 - 74. 8% and 20. 2 - 49. 0%, whereas the same ranges among Mongoloids are of 0. 0 - 5. 5%, 43. 1 - 58. 8% and 38. 7 - 59. 4%. The range of the delta index (Dli n ) is characterized by the values 10.77 - 14. 65 in the case of the Europoids, whereas in that one of the Mongoloids by the values 13.45 - 15. 90. It is known that southern Europoids are characterized by a higher frequency of whorls and the higher value of delta index than in northern ones. The presented data about the digital patterns clearly show that the variation of these traits on Hungarians is found between the limits characterising southern Europoids. It should be mentioned that the highest frequency of loops and the lowest one of whorls have been found in the groups Himód and Kisfalud from North-West Hungary, whereas the highest frequency of whorls and the lowest one of the loops seemed to be characteristic for the Taktabáj groups from North Hungary. To make comparisons clearer 5 traits were chosen only: type 11 of line D, carpal axial triradius (t), frequency of patterns on hypothenar and that one of pattern on interdigital pads III and IV. Kor the Hungarian male groups studied by us the following extreme values were characteristic in order of the above mentioned traits: 34.2 (Kustánszeg) - 51.6% (Himód), 64. 4 (Milejszeg) - 76.9% (Himód), 25.3 (Szendrő) - 38.4% (Mezőkövesd), 34.2 (Karcag) - 42.2% (Jászapáti) and 37.3 (Kisfalud) - 58.4% (Mezőkövesd) (Table 4). Taking into consideration the reviews about world-wide distribution of dermatoglyphical traits (SCHWIDETZKY 1966; GLADKOVA 1966) Hungarian groups are within the ranges of Europoids not only in respect of their above-mentioned characteristics but in the majority of other palm lines and patterns. Let us compare the dermatoglyphical traits of our Hungarian groups on the basis of a character complex with those of some other peoples. For the analyses eight traits were chosen: arches, loops and whorls on fingers, pattern on hypothenar as well as that one on interdigital pads III and IV, further the frequency of type 11 of line D and carpal axial triradius on palms (Table 5, Fig. 2). Male series from Finnish-Ugrian, Slavic and other peoples were compared ZUBOV's method consisting of the calculation of mean sums of positive and negative deviation from a conventional zero-group applied was. For such a group we took the Khazakhs (GLADKOVA 1964) attributed to be a southern Siberian racial type. As it is seen in Fig. 2 the Hungarian groups studied by us are located quite close to each other along the diagonal. The group of Hungarians from Kisfalud (11) (West Hungary) stands very far from the conventional zero-group which seems to be very close to the Finns (21) (HIT 1969). Near the other end of the diagonal the group Szendrő (31) (North Hungary) is placed being close to Bashkirs (15) and Udmurts (29) (AKIMOVA 1972) as well as to Mansis ivdelsky (23) (GLADKOVA 1961). The group Taktabáj (7) (North Hungary) stands slightly to the right of the diagonal, and nearer to the zero-group. The groups Belorussians (13) (ANTONIUK 1975), Osetins (14) (PETRENKO 1977), Andicis (17) and Ginuchcis (18) (GLADKOVA & RAMAZANOV 1977) are also characterized by values lying in the middle of the diagram, very close to the Hungarian groups. The group of Madzaris (19) (GLADKOVA . TÓTH 1970) is nearest the zero-group characterized morphologically by the traits of the South Siberian race. The place of the Khants (24) (GLADKOVA & HIT 1 968) belonging to the Uralian race is also worth mentioning. The Madzaris are characterized by a very high frequency of carpal axial triradius and a high one of whorls. Most remoted from the conventional zero-group are standing the Roumanians (2 5) (VULPE 1972), Russians (12) (PROKUDINA 1971), Avars (16) (GADZHIEV 1962) and recent population of Budapest (27) (MALÁN 1939, 1940). Our complex of traits does not include the summarized values of delta index (Dljq) and Cummins index (lc). As an indicator of mean number of deltas per one examined subject the index of pattern intensity (DIiq) cannot substitute the frequency of loops and whorls. This index depends on the frequency of arches in the sample and on the correlation between loops and whorls. The Cummins index - as an indicator of the total direction of the palm skin lines is little variable and its values may be the same under different termination of the main palm lines ABCD. For example, with the formula of palm lines 11. 10.8.2 the Cummins index is 8
