Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Historico-anthropological studies (Anthropologia Hungarica 9/1-2. Budapest, 1970)
high frequency of deaths occurring during maternity - a reverse phenomenon can be ovserved at Kál. Twenty years old men had a life-expectancy of a further 25.1 years, whereas women of the same age had 29.1 years. The unusual in the case of Kál is that the life-expectancies of the females are more favourable in the very years most influenced by reproduction, namely between 15 and 35 years of age. If, however, the nationwide life-expectancy mean falling between 15-35 years of age,though containing the combined data of both sexes, is compared with the male and female life-expectancy data of the same age group at Kál,the favourable female life-expectancy is at least as conspicuous as the unfavourable one of the young males, primarily those 20-30 years old. Although the annihilated 25 per cent of the buried Individuals in the cemetery decreases the demographic value of the respective data, it were not justified to ascribe the observed mortality conditions entirely to the partial exposition of the actual population since the sex ratio of the adult age group in the excavated section is nearly even and proportionate. The example of Kál reappears in also another population of the tenth century, namely at Sárbogárd (ERY, 1967-68). From the cemetery at Sárbogárd, containing 100 individuals, the skeletal remains of all who had been buried there have in all probability been exposed. A life-expectancy, even more favourable than at Kál,was found here in the case of the females, whilst the less favourable mortality conditions of the males appeared only between 15-20 years of age. While, therefore, Sárbogárd is mainly characterized by the very favourable life-expectancy of the females/ it is the unfavourable mortality of the males which holds true for Kál. The characteristics of sexual expressedness The sexuality of the osteological remains of the population can best be assessed from the rate of the mean sexual expressedness of the 22 characteristics examined during the determination of sex. In the grading into five groups of the characters, +2 and +1 denote masculinity, -2 and -1 indicate femininity, whereas the grade 0 means femininity in the case of men and masculinity in that of women (ÉRY-KRALOVÁNSZKY-NEMESKÉRI, 1963). The respective data of Kál are summarized in Table 6. For a better interpretation of the mean values, Table 7 contains, besides those of Kál, the mean data of also three further series. In general, the population at Kál is characterized by a weak sexual expressedness of the males, and a definite one of the females. The male values of the characteristics reveal in Table 6 that on the skull it is primarily the developed processus mastoideus, the facies maiaris, the mentum, the glabellar region and the tubera of the brain case which display a rather expressed masculine character - in other words, merely 5
