Amerikai Magyar Hírlap, 2011 (23. évfolyam, 13-49. szám)
2011-06-03 / 22. szám
Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Hungary (a successor state to Austria-Hungary). The treaty greatly redefined and reduced Hungary’s borders. From its borders before World War I, it lost 72% of its territory, which was reduced from 325,111 square kilometres (125,526 sq mi) to 93,073 square kilometres (35,936 sq mi). It also lost 64% of its total population, which was reduced from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians, who suddenly found themselves living outside the newly defined borders of Hungary. Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities and was deprived of direct access to the sea and of some of its most valuable natural resources. The military establishment of the country was reduced to an army of about 35,000, while its navy ceased to exist. The principal beneficiaries of territorial adjustment were Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In addition, the newly established state of Hungary had to pay war reparations to its neighbours. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France. Hungary recovered part of lost territories in 1938 - 1940 under Third Reich auspices. It was later reduced to boundaries approximating those of 1920 by the peace treaties signed after World War II at Paris, in 1947. The final borders of Hungary were defined by the Treaty of Trianon signed on 4 June 1920. Beside exclusion of the previously mentioned territories, they did not include:- the rest of Transylvania, which together with former Eastern Hungary became part of Romania;- Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of Czechoslovakia, pursuant to the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919;- most of Burgenland, which became part of Austria, also pursuant to the Treaty of Saint-Germain; the district of Sopron opted to remain with Hungary after a plebiscite held in December 1921 (it was the only place where a plebiscite was held and factored in the decision); and- Medimurje and the 2/3 of the Slovene March or Vendvidék (now Prekmurje), which became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By the Treaty of Trianon, the cities of Pécs, Mohács, Baja and Szigetvár, which were under Yugoslav administration after November 1918, were assigned to Hungary. An arbitration committee in 1920 assigned small northern parts of the former Árva and Szepes counties of the Kingdom of Hungary with Polish majority population to Poland. After 1918, Hungary did not have access to the sea, which it had formerly had directly through the Rijeka coastline and indirectly through Croatia-Slavonia. With the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Hungary expanded its borders towards neighbouring countries at the outset of World War II. This happened under the Munich Agreement (1938), and the two Vienna Awards (1939 and 1940), following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia (occupation of northern Carpathian Ruthenia and eastern Slovakia) and following the German Invasion of Yugoslavia. This territorial expansion was short-lived, since the post-war Hungarian boundaries agreed on at the Treaty of Paris in 1947 were nearly identical to those of 1920 (with three villages - Jarovce, Rusovce, and Cunovo - transferred to Czechoslovakia). Distribution of the Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis. In Upper Hungary (Slovakia): 885,000 - 30%, In Transylvania (Romania): 1,662,948 - 31.6%, In Vojvodina (Serbia): 420,000 - 28%, In Transcarpathia (Ukraine): 183,000 - 30%, In Croatia: 121,000 - 3.5%, In Slovene March (today Prekmurje, Slovenia): 14,065 - 15%, In Burgenland (Austria): 26,200 - 9% With the creation of customs barriers and fragmented protective economies, the economic growth and outlook in the region sharply declined; which in the end culminated in a deep recession. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. All the formal districts of Austria-Hungary used to rely on each other’s exports for growth and welfare; by contrast, 5 years after the treaty, traffic of goods between the countries dropped to less than 5% of its former value. This could be put down to the introduction of aggressive nationalistic policies by local political leaders. The drastic shift in economic climate forced the countries to re-evaluate their situation and to promote industries where they had fallen short. Austria and Czechoslovakia subsidised the mill, sugar and brewing industries, Hungary attempted to increase the efficiency of iron, steel, glass and chemical industries. The stated objective was that all countries should become self sufficient. This tendency, however, lead to uniform economies and competitive economic advantage of long well-established industries and research fields evaporated. The lack of specialisation adversely affected the whole Danube-Carpathian region caused a distinct setback of growth and development compared to the West as well as high financial vulnerability and instability. For Hungarian public opinion, the realisation of the loss of most of the country’s territory and significant numbers of ethnic Hungarians was followed by a lingering bitterness because they would have preferred to maintain the integrity of the territory for mainly economic and strategic reasons, and claimed that they were ready to give the minorities a great deal of autonomy. Indeed, most Hungarians regarded the treaty as an insult to the nation’s honour. The Hungarian attitude towards Trianon was summed up in the phrases “Nem, nem, soha!” (“No, no, never!”) and “Mindent vissza!” (“Return everything!” or “Everything back!”). The perceived humiliation of the treaty became a dominant theme in inter-war Hungarian politics, analogous with the German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. The outcome of the Treaty of Trianon is to this day remembered in Hungary as the Trianon trauma. All official flags in Hungary were lowered until 1938, when they were raised by one-third after southern Slovakia, with an 84% Hungarian population (i.e. 550,000 Hungarians) was “recovered” following the Munich Conference. The Hungarian irredentism fuelled not only the revisionist inter-war Hungarian foreign nolicv but became a source of regional tension after the Cold War too. wikipedia.org Passing of President Ferenc Mádl Book of Condolences will be Opened Former President of the Republic, Ferenc Mádl passed away on May 29, 2011. He was born on January 29, 1931. Ferenc Mádl served as a Cabinet minister in Hungary’s first post-communist, freely elected government. On 15 March 1999 he was awarded the Széchenyi Prize for his internationally recognized scientific achievements in the areas of European law, private international law and international commercial law, as well as for his higher educational and scientific organizational efforts. In September of the same year he was also honored with the French order of the Légion d’Honneur. The National Assembly of Hungary elected Ferenc Mádl President of the Republic on June 6, 2000. He was inaugurated as President of the Republic of Hungary on August 4, 2000. His duty, by Constitution, extended to 5 years. His term as President ended in 2005: he did not want to run again for the office. President Ferenc Mádl will be buried on June 8, 2011 in Hungary. The book of condolences will be open June 2, 2011 (Thursday) 10-12 AM and 2-4 PM June 3, 2011 (Friday) 10-12 AM June 6, 20M (Monday) 10-12 AM and 2-4 PM June 7, 2011 (Ttiesday) 2-4 PM at the Consulate General of Hungary (11766 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 410, Los Angeles, CA 90025). Székely Anthem The Székely Himnusz (Székely Anthem) has been the unofficial national anthem of the Székely Hungarians (around 850,000 people) living in Székely Land in eastern Transylvania (today part of Romania) and elsewhere in the world. The lyrics were written by György Csanády in 1921, and its music was composed by Kálmán Mihalik. On September 5, 2009, it was adopted as the anthem of Székely Land by the Szekler National Council. Hungarian Ki tudja merre, merre visz a végzet Göröngyös úton, sötét éjjelen. Segítsd még egyszer győzelemre néped, Csaba királyfi csillagösvényen. Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla Népek harcától zajló tengeren. Fejünk az ár ezerszer elborítja, Ne hagyd el Erdélyt, Erdélyt Istenem! Literal translation Who knows where the destiny takes us On rough road at dark night. Help your nation to victory once more, Prince Csaba, on the stars’ path. Handful of Székely being crushed like the cliffs On the sea storming from the battle of nations. Our heads are a thousand times covered by the tide, Don’t abandon Transylvania, Transylvania, My God! WorldTV Enhances Customer Care Operations WorldTV announced the arrival of its new DVR-enabled Set Top Boxes, which allows subscribers to take control of their television viewing experience and enjoy their favorite programs on their own schedules. WorldTV also announced the launch of its new green campaign, designed for subscribers who want to do their part in keeping the planet clean and healthy, by supporting WorldTV as it shifts towards a more environmentally friendly system. The transition to paperless billing and invoicing is expected to be in full swing by April, just in time for Earth Month, with full rollout starting on June 1st. Beginning June 1, all subscriber invoices will be delivered via email and will be payable electronically via our online account management and payment system. A minimal monthly charge of $2 will be applied towards paper invoices, and/or payments made via a customer service agent. Other green self service options include automated telephone payments, ACH debit and credit card auto payments. To learn more, please call WorldTV’s customer service hotline at 888-988-5288 or chat with one of their representatives online here: http:// www.globecastwtv.com American imuzma ■ Hungarian Journal DUNA Travel 8530 Holloway Dr. #102 W. Hollywood, CA 90069 Spa, Hotel foglalások, Kocsi bérlés Kedvezményes repülőjegy árak Magyarországra napi kedvezményes árakért hívják ZSUZSÁT TEL: (310) 652-5294 FAX: (310) 652-5287 1-888-532-0168 V_________________________ _________________________J Június 3,2011
